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191.
"明德慎罚"是西周初年周公提出的重要法律思想。从《周易》古经中的类似表述来看,其已有明显的"明德慎罚"观。"明德"思想反映在《恒》九三、《益》九五等爻辞中;《临》卦中有对人民实施德教的内容。《周易》古经的"慎罚"观在西周刑罚适用原则中也有体现。西周的"以德配天"、"明德慎罚"的法制思想后来深深扎根于中国传统政治和法律理论之中。研究《周易》古经中"明德慎罚"的法律观,探究它所涉及的西周法制,不仅能为我们研究西周法制提供宝贵的史料,也能更好的梳理商末周初法律思想的变化脉络,进一步印证这一思想对西周社会、政治和法制的影响。 相似文献
192.
采用不同类型强化刺激(中性刺激,奖励刺激,惩罚刺激,以及奖励、惩罚刺激并存)来改变可获得奖励和惩罚的强度和频度,分别考察不同类型强化条件对停止信号任务中抑制能力、心率和皮肤电的影响.结果显示:与奖惩混合条件相比,在奖励条件下,被试的反应速度快,但正确抑制率明显低于惩罚条件和奖惩混合条件;在奖励条件下,被试在任务完成过程中的心率明显高于反馈条件、惩罚条件和奖惩混合条件.四种条件下被试的皮肤电活动无差异. 相似文献
193.
Leanne Whiteside-Mansell Robert H. Bradley Lorraine McKelvey 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(1):48-60
We examined the impact of parenting behaviors on preschool children’s social development in low-income families from three
cultural groups: European American (n = 286), African American (n = 399), and Hispanic American (n = 164) using Spanish as the primary language in the home. Observed parenting behaviors of stimulation, responsivity, and
acceptance of the child in European American and African American families showed positive impacts on children’s social development
with notable exceptions discussed. Corporal punishment had a negative impact on children’s social development. With the exception
of corporal punishment, none of the parenting behaviors predicted social development outcomes for Hispanic children. 相似文献
194.
QUANTIFICATION OF ETHANOL'S ANTIPUNISHMENT EFFECT IN HUMANS USING THE GENERALIZED MATCHING EQUATION 下载免费PDF全文
Erin B. Rasmussen Ph.D. M. Christopher Newland 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,92(2):161-180
Increases in rates of punished behavior by the administration of anxiolytic drugs (called antipunishment effects) are well established in animals but not humans. The present study examined antipunishment effects of ethanol in humans using a choice procedure. The behavior of 5 participants was placed under six concurrent variable‐interval schedules of monetary reinforcement. In three of the six concurrent schedules, punishment, in the form of monetary loss, was superimposed on one alternative. Data were analyzed according to the generalized matching equation which distinguishes between bias (allocation of behavior beyond what matching to relative reinforcer densities would predict) and sensitivity to reinforcement (how well behavior tracks relative reinforcer densities). In addition, participants completed a pencil‐tapping test. Under placebo punishment conditions, all participants demonstrated low response rates and a bias against the alternative associated with punishment, despite a resultant loss of available reinforcers. Bias against the punished alternative was dose‐dependently reduced in participants shown to be most sensitive to ethanol (0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 g/kg) in measures of overall responding and on the pencil‐tapping test. No ethanol‐induced change in bias was noted when punishment was not imposed. Sensitivity to reinforcement also decreased for participants shown to be sensitive to ethanol. In addition to extending antipunishment effects to humans, these results also show that antipunishment effects can be quantified via the matching equation. 相似文献
195.
We evaluated a contingent oral hygiene procedure on rumination emitted by a 9‐year‐old boy with autism. Results of a functional analysis screening suggested rumination was maintained by automatic reinforcement. We conducted a stimulus avoidance assessment to identify a hierarchy of potential consequences to be used in treatment. During treatment, contingent toothbrushing resulted in a 97% decrease in rumination. Finally, we transitioned to a less intrusive intervention (i.e., contingent mouthwash spray) and rumination remained at near‐zero levels. Treatment effects generalized to different settings and caregivers and maintained over a 4‐year period. 相似文献
196.
本研究通过Stroop任务和修改版MIDT相结合,目的是考察不同额度金钱惩罚对Stroop任务行为表现的影响。结果发现:(1)无论是中性试次,一致试次还是不一致试次,金钱惩罚不仅减少了被试的行为反应时,而且提高了正确率;(2)非惩罚条件与惩罚条件下的冲突效应以及其他不同额度惩罚条件下的冲突效应差异不显著;(3)金钱惩罚对不一致试次反应时的影响与个体的惩罚敏感性呈显著负相关,而与奖赏敏感性无关。结果表明,金钱惩罚能够促进个体的一般行为表现,但是不会提高冲突抑制能力。同时,金钱惩罚对认知行为的影响与其惩罚敏感性密切相关。 相似文献
197.
Rosalind S. Simson 《Metaphilosophy》2001,32(3):293-307
This paper uses the debate about whether capital punishment deters homicide as a case study for examining the claim, made by many feminists and others, that the traditional ideal of objectivity in seeking knowledge is misguided. According to this ideal, knowledge seekers should strive to gather and assess evidence independently of any influences exerted by either their individual and societal circumstances or their moral values. This paper argues that, although the traditional ideal rests on some valid precepts, it is neverthelesss untenable. the author goes on to propose an alternative epistemological ideal – one that retains these valid precepts but also recognizes an important and legitimate role for people's circumstances and moral values in their efforts to find knowledge. 相似文献
198.
Nicholas Wolterstorff 《The Journal of religious ethics》2013,41(3):417-434
After discussing at some length the nature of interpersonal forgiveness and its relation to punishment, the author addresses the main question of the essay: are states the sorts of entities that can forgive; and if they are, is it sometimes desirable that they forgive? The author argues that states can forgive and very often do; and that sometimes it is desirable that they do so. The essay closes by considering the complexities that arise when the state wants to forgive but the victim does not, and conversely. 相似文献
199.
为了探讨儿童道德义愤的发展及其对第三方公正行为的影响,实验1考察106名幼儿园大班、小学2年级和4年级儿童的道德义愤在年级以及数目和价值不公平分配上的差异;实验2考察57名小学儿童在有无代价条件下,其道德义愤对第三方公正行为的影响。结果表明:儿童的道德义愤呈现随年级增长而不断增强的趋势;儿童由数目不公平分配引发的道德义愤得分显著高于价值不公平分配;幼儿园大班和2年级儿童在数目不公平分配中的道德义愤得分均显著高于价值不公平分配,而4年级儿童在数目和价值不公平分配中的道德义愤得分不存在显著差异;诱发道德义愤的儿童更多地做出第三方公正行为,并且更愿意选择补偿受害者;在不同诱发道德义愤条件下,是否需要付出代价都不会影响儿童的第三方公正行为。研究说明儿童的道德义愤随年级增长而发展,并影响第三方公正行为。 相似文献
200.
《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2013,22(1-2):87-114
Abstract Religious beliefs can foster, encourage, and justify child abuse, yet religious motivations for child abuse and neglect have been virtually ignored in social science research. In this paper, we compare victims' retrospective reports of religion-related child physical abuse to other reported cases of child physical abuse. We describe in statistical detail the nature and circumstances of the abuse, characteristics of victims and perpetrators, and the spiritual and psychological impact of the abuse. Results indicate that although the basic characteristics of religion-related physical abuse are similar to non-religion-related physical abuse, religion-related abuse has significantly more negative implications for its victims' long-term psychological well-being. 相似文献