创造性倾向对科学问题解决中原型位置效应的影响*

以科学发明创造题目为实验材料,采用“一对一”的实验范式,对创造性问题解决中的创造性倾向与原型位置效应的关系进行了探讨,实验考察了不同创造性倾向个体在创造性问题解决中的原型位置效应,创造性倾向包括想象力、冒险性、好奇性、挑战性四个因素,结果发现:创造性倾向总分、好奇性、挑战性对原型位置效应有影响,而且原型位置效应随着创造性倾向、好奇性、挑战性的降低而显著;想象力、冒险性对原型位置效应的影响不显著。     

员工的核心自我评价与多维生活满意度的关系：感知社会支持的中介作用

本研究以245名企业员工为被试,从感知到的不同来源社会支持的角度探索了核心自我评价对员工生活满意度不同领域的作用机制。结果表明：（1）核心自我评价对家庭、朋友、工作和自我满意度均有显著的正向预测作用。（2）家庭支持在核心自我评价与家庭满意度之间起完全中介作用,在核心自我评价与自我满意度之间起部分中介作用;朋友支持在核心自我评价与朋友满意度之间起完全中介作用。研究表明,核心自我评价能直接预测生活满意度中的非关系型领域,能通过各类社会支持分别间接预测生活满意度中的各类关系型满意度。     

邓小平伦理思想的独特地位——纪念邓小平诞辰100周年

邓小平伦理思想是继毛泽东伦理思想之后我们党和人民又一重大的伦理学成果和宝贵财富 ,它以改革开放的道德价值视野、“三个有利于”的道德价值取向和在“三个面向”中培养“四有新人”的理想关怀 ,贡献给了 2 0世纪马克思主义伦理思想宝库许多新的内容。邓小平伦理思想体现了解放思想 ,实事求是和与时俱进的理论特质 ,全面回答了在中国这样一个经济文化还比较落后的社会主义大国如何建设先进的现代化的伦理文化的问题 ,并以立足本国而又面向世界和未来的开放胆识昭示于世界伦理学之林     

Gender Studies in Post-Soviet Society: Western Frames and Cultural Differences

This article is devoted to theexploration of some trends in gender studies incontemporary Russia and is based on ourresearch and teaching in the field over thecourse of seven years. The main concepts ofgender research – gender, feminism,women's subjectivity – were introduced to theRussian public early in 1990s; Russian genderstudies began to develop as a whole due to theapplication of Western concepts and theories.The article examines the growth of genderstudies over the last 10 years, contextualdifferences as well as theoretical approachesin Russian gender studies as these have arisenin the context of the `Russia – West'dichotomy.     

The savings problem in the original position: assessing and revising a model

Abstract

The common conception of justice as reciprocity seemingly is inapplicable to relations between non-overlapping generations. This is a challenge also to John Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness. This text responds to this by way of reinterpreting and developing Rawls’s theory. First, by examining the original position as a model, some revisions of it are shown to be wanting. Second, by drawing on the methodology of constructivism, an alternative solution is proposed: an amendment to the primary goods named ‘sustainability of values’. This revised original position lends support to intergenerational justice as fairness.     

Further differentiating item and order information in semantic memory: students’ recall of words from the “CU Fight Song”, Harry Potter book titles,and Scooby Doo theme song

University of Colorado (CU) students were tested for both order and item information in their semantic memory for the “CU Fight Song”. Following an earlier study by Overstreet and Healy [(2011). Item and order information in semantic memory: Students’ retention of the “CU fight song” lyrics. Memory & Cognition, 39, 251–259. doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0018-3], a symmetrical bow-shaped serial position function (with both primacy and recency advantages) was found for reconstructing the order of the nine lines in the song, whereas a function with no primacy advantage was found for recalling a missing word from each line. This difference between order and item information was found even though students filled in missing words without any alternatives provided and missing words came from the beginning, middle, or end of each line. Similar results were found for CU students’ recall of the sequence of Harry Potter book titles and the lyrics of the Scooby Doo theme song. These findings strengthen the claim that the pronounced serial position function in semantic memory occurs largely because of the retention of order, rather than item, information.     

Tactile Ranschburg effects: facilitation and inhibitory repetition effects analogous to verbal memory

The present paper examines the effect of within-sequence item repetitions in tactile order memory. Employing an immediate serial recall procedure, participants reconstructed a six-item sequence tapped upon their fingers by moving those fingers in the order of original stimulation. In Experiment 1a, within-sequence repetition of an item separated by two-intervening items resulted in a significant reduction in recall accuracy for that repeated item (i.e., the Ranschburg effect). In Experiment 1b, within-sequence repetition of an adjacent item resulted in significant recall facilitation for that repeated item. These effects mirror those reported for verbal stimuli (e.g., Henson, 1998a Henson, R. N. A. (1998a). Item repetition in short-term memory: Ranschburg repeated. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24(5), 1162–1181. doi:doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.24.5.1162[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. Item repetition in short-term memory: Ranschburg repeated. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24(5), 1162–1181. doi:doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.24.5.1162). These data are the first to demonstrate the Ranschburg effect with non-verbal stimuli and suggest further cross-modal similarities in order memory.     

Core self-evaluations as a moderator of the relationship between task complexity,job resources,and performance

In this study we examined the role of trait core self-evaluations (CSE) as a person-related resource, hypothesizing that the relationship between task complexity and performance would be positive for people high in trait CSE and negative for people low in trait CSE. Moreover, we hypothesized that trait CSE would influence the buffering effect of job-related resources on the complexity–performance relationship, with such a buffering effect showing for people high but not for people low in trait CSE. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a five-day spanning experience sampling study. Our results showed that trait CSE indeed influenced the complexity–performance relationship in the sense that this relationship was only positive for employees high in CSE. Results on the hypothesized three-way interaction between task complexity, job-related resources, and CSE were less univocal as only one out of four three-way interactions approached conventional levels of significance. By showing that the complexity–performance relationship is only positive for employees high in CSE, our results go against the well-accepted idea that challenge demands act as a two-edged sword for all employees alike. Instead, the effect of challenge demands on performance depends on the individual’s level of person-related resources.     

汉语阅读眼动控制:20年研究的总结

本文系统总结了20年来汉语阅读眼动控制的研究成果。在阅读过程中眼动控制主要回答两个问题:(1)哪些因素决定眼睛的注视时间(when);(2)哪些因素决定眼睛的注视位置(where)。对于第一个问题,已有研究从词边界信息、词频、熟悉性、预测性、语义透明度、具体性、非注视词的特性、词汇获得年龄进行了探讨;对于第二个问题,已有研究从汉字字号、笔画数、字结构、词长、词结构、词间空格、词频、预测性、合理性、年龄和阅读能力进行了探讨。通过比较发现,汉语阅读的眼动控制特点与拼音文字的眼动控制特点既有共同之处,又有差异之处。因此,汉语阅读的研究者需要在现有眼动控制模型的基础上,构建适合于汉语特性的眼动控制模型。