主语优先现象及其认知机制

主语优先是言语加工中的一种语序效应, 它具体表现为三个方面：论元歧义句的理解过程中, 首论元倾向于被解释为主语; 非歧义句的理解过程中, 首论元为宾语时的加工难于首论元为主语时的加工; 关系从句的理解过程中, 主语的提取比宾语的提取更容易。本文对主语优先现象主要进行了以下方面的论述：① 结合印欧语系和非印欧语系中的各种类型的语言, 详细分析了主语优先现象及其普遍性与特殊性; ② 主语优先现象的理论解释：基于工作记忆的理论、句法关联理论、突出性特征理论和基于频率的理论; ③ 与主语优先现象有关的脑电成分及其所体现的认知加工过程。最后, 结合已有的研究, 指出了主语优先现象未来的研究方向。     

核心自我评价研究的反思与展望

核心自我评价是一种潜在的、宽泛的人格结构, 被定义为个体对自我能力和价值所持有的最基本的评价和估计。在过去十余年里, 核心自我评价的研究重点从早期关注结构的验证与测量、探讨核心自我评价在工作领域中的功能, 到近期开始转向探讨与心理健康、学业行为等变量的关系。另外, 核心自我评价的预测作用和调节作用可从动机、图式、能力、应对与获益和自我验证五种机制进行解释。核心自我评价的起源、过高核心自我评价是好是坏、核心自我评价还应包括或排除哪些因素、核心自我评价是否只有高低之分、“参照框架”对核心自我评价的预测力有何影响等涉及核心自我评价性质的问题目前仍没有得到解决。未来的研究可着眼于扩大研究领域、解决与核心自我评价性质有关的问题以及对核心自我评价进行本土化研究。     

Eye contact and vocal responsiveness in squirrel monkey infants and their caregivers

Seventeen newborn squirrel monkeys, housed socially with their mothers and other adult females, were observed during their first 10 days of life. As early as day 1, infants began responding, vocally as well as by eye contact, to vocalizations and gaze directed to them by mothers and allomothers (aunts). Visual contact appeared always to be initiated by the adults. Infants spent less than 4% of awake time in eye contact with adults, but most infant-directed vocalizing occurred during these episodes, when both mothers and allomothers greatly increased their rate of calling. Infants were more likely to respond to vocalizations directed to them while in eye contact; 72% of infants' responsive vocalizing occurred then. These data are compared to those for human mothers and infants, where eye contact has also been shown to stimulate vocal exchange. A functional explanation of the involvement of allomothers, based on the infant's clinging position, is discussed.     

Micro-position effects in visual short term memory

Short-term memory for visually presented eight-digit numbers was tested in a forced recall, read-and-dial task. The digits were presented non-grouped or grouped in 2+2+2+2 or 2+3+3 digit formats. Spatial grouping enhanced memory performance and produced local discontinuities in the serial position curves related to grouping format. These micro-position effects are explained in terms of the relative spatial distinctiveness of individual digits.     

换位棋问题规则的表征与解题正确率间关系的研究

本研究通过对被试求解换位棋过程的记录与分析,重点研究了问题表征在换位棋求解过程中的作用。实验结果表明：（1）正确表征问题规则是解题的必要前提.对问题规则信息的误解和遗漏,是影响解题正确率的重要因素。其中对非隐含问题规则的错误表征也占全部错误表征的很大比率。（2）“关键结构”的发现是解决换位棋的必要条件,对问题规则的错误表征影响“关键结构”的发现.（3）前置问题的解决经验对目标问题的正确表征无显著的影响作用。     

自我报告测量中项目前后关系效应的研究

本文指出了自我报告法中项目前后关系效应的普遍存在性及其危害性。讨论了用信息加工的观点对项目前后关系效应所作的认知上的理论解释,以及测量工具中促使产生这种项目前后关系效应的关键特征。同时也讨论了项目序列位置的作用。     

非常短暂呈现时间过程中的系列位置效应

以中国汉字为材料,考察不同系列项目呈现时间范式中的系列位置效应,并验证Ｎｅａｔｈ提出的区辨理论公式对中文材料的适用性。结果表明,在非常短暂的系列项目呈现时间,并且项目之间的时间间隔按不同中数比率变化的实验条件中．均存在明显的系列位置效应;但是Ｎｅａｔｈ提出的区辨理论的公式,不能预测本实验结果,从另一个方面说明汉字不同于拼音文字的特点。     

Reinforcement probability and ordinal position of response in fixed-interval schedules

Four rats pressed levers and received food pellets under fixed-interval reinforcement schedules of 20, 60, and 180 seconds. The number of responses in each interval was recorded. From these data, the probability of reinforcement was determined as a function of response count. These functions were generally increasing. This finding is consistent with previous suggestions that increasing response rates within fixed intervals may be a function of response count in addition to or instead of elapsed or remaining time.     

Books received

Analytical Psychology
Main, Roderick (ed.). Jung on Synchronicity and the Paranormal
Robertson, Robin. Your Shadow
Schoenl, William (ed.). Major Issues in the Life and Work of C. G. Jung
Psychoanalysis
König, Karl. Self-Analysis for Analysts
Volkan, V. D. & Ast, G.. Siblings in the Unconscious and Psychopathology
Carlson, Kathie. Life's Daughter/Death's Bride
Fromm, Erika & Nash, Michael. Psychoanalysis and Hypnosis
Gedo, John E. Spleen and Nostalgia – A Life and Work in Psychoanalysis
Grubrich-Simitis, Ilse. Early Freud and Late Freud
Molino, Anthony (ed.). Freely Associated
Quinodoz, Danielle. Emotional Vertigo – Between Anxiety and Pleasure
Serrano, Miguel. C. G. Jung and Hermann Hesse – A Record of Two Friendships
Taylor, Charles H. & Finley, Patricia. Images of the Journey in Dante's Divine Comedy     

大学生自尊与社会适应的关系:积极核心图式与同伴依恋的链式中介效应分析

采用自尊量表、简明核心图式量表、同伴依恋量表和中国大学生适应量表调查华中三省5所大学大一至大三年级共459名大学生,运用偏差校正的百分位Bootstrap方法探索大学生积极核心图式和同伴依恋在自尊和社会适应之间的链式中介作用。结果发现：（1）大学生自尊、积极核心图式、同伴依恋与社会适应两两之间均呈显著正相关;（2）大学生自尊对社会适应的直接效应和间接效应均显著。间接效应包括了三条路径：通过积极核心图式的中介作用、通过同伴依恋的中介作用以及通过积极核心图式-同伴依恋的链式中介作用。这一结论有助于理解自尊对社会适应的作用机制,为未来大学生社会适应能力的提升提供建议。