An Aggregate Fieldwork Model: Cooperative Learning,Research, and Clinical Project Publication Components

An occupational therapy psychosocial level-two fieldwork model, which consists of cooperative learning, clinical project or research publication, and interdisciplinary collaboration and intervention, is herein outlined. An example of the model is presented using an acute inpatient psychiatric setting with a multidisciplinary staff and 50 occupational therapy interns. Data on the aggregate fieldwork model collected over a two-and-a-half-year period from: 1) logs; 2) supervision; 3) peer reviewed publications; 4) conference presentations; 5) verbal feedback from the occupational therapy educational institutes; and 6) the supervisor's comparisons with other fieldwork models is presented. The outcome of the aggregate fieldwork model is that students do well, seem to learn more than in 1:1 supervisory models, and manage to publish while on fieldwork. It is hoped that more academic programs will consider working with clinical educators to develop programs based on this model.     

文化背景与医疗行为:一个少数民族社区中的新型农村合作医疗

现有对民族社区新型农作合作医疗（以下简称新农合）的研究相对较少,同时在研究中忽略了在其独特民族文化背景下对于疾病与医疗的不同认知,这一认知影响了人们的医疗观念和医疗行为,也直接影响了人们对新农合的态度和行为。医学人类学关注文化与疾病、医疗的关系,以云南省福贡县赤恒底傈僳族社区新农合的田野调查为例,应用医学人类学的视角和社区研究方法对其进行研究,以期获得新的认识和理解。     

儿童"假想伙伴"研究及其对教育的启示

“假想伙伴”现象的描述最早出现于20世纪30年代,但把它单独作为一个重要课题进行专门研究却是近二十年的事情。文章回顾了有关假想伙伴研究的历史起源和近期研究成果。文章认为创造假想伙伴是儿童解决适应困难的一个有效手段。分析这一现象对幼儿教育具有很大的启示意义。     

幼儿心理状态术语的运用与心理理论的发展

本研究目的在于探讨幼儿在假装游戏中心理状态术语的应用,以及与错误信念的理解是否存在相关并具有一定的发展特征。57名3—5岁的幼儿参加了实验。研究程序包括两类标准错误信念任务及假装游戏的拍摄、麦卡锡幼儿言语智力测验。结果发现：(1)幼儿的一般言语能力与错误信念的理解存在显著相关;(2)幼儿心理状态术语的使用存在情境差异,且随年龄的增长具有“指向愿望一指向信念”的维度特征;(3)在控制相关因素之后,幼儿错误信念的理解与心理状态术语的应用及其特定范畴(习惯用语)之间仍然存在显著相关;与“真正涉及心理状态”之间的相关不再显著。     

近十年来国外游戏研究新进展

游戏一直是国外研究者非常关注的研究课题之一．本文总结论述了近十年来国外关于亲子游戏与幼儿发展、装扮游戏与幼儿心理理论的发展、游戏的治疗作用等游戏研究领域的新进展。     

合作学习中一般自我效能感与自我监控的表现

该研究运用情境实验和问卷测量的方法,初探了一般自我效能感与自我监控不同的学生在合作学习的小组活动自评中的差异。结果表明,一般自我效能感高的被试对小组话动的价值评价比一般自我效能感低的被试更积极;但在对组织者的评价和对合作学习的喜爱程度上不如一般自我效能感低的学生。自我监控高的学生比自我监控低的学生对组织者有更积极的评价,但在对合作学习的喜爱程度上却比不上自我监控低的同学。     

Play fighting and real fighting: Using video playback methodology with young children

This study develops a video playback methodology: children aged five to eight years viewed taped play fighting and real fighting bouts in which they were both participants and nonparticipants. Views of participants were also compared for immediate and delayed viewing. The methodology examines the criteria used to distinguish play fighting and real fighting; views concerning the characteristics of such episodes; and the motivations involved. The methodology was found to be feasible at this age; and useful in terms of differing views of participants and nonparticipants. There was evidence for increased insight from participants, who used more criteria to make their judgments, and more informative criteria such as knowledge of the rules of a game being played. Participant knowledge was most evident at the immediate viewings, but was partially retained one week later. Participants (more than nonparticipants) mostly described play fighting as friendly, and not involving hurt or showing off. The methodology could usefully be applied to examine further developmental changes in older children. Aggr. Behav. 30:164–173, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The Performance of Authenticity: Ordination and Profession in Pastoral Care

Quite a few pastors experience a feeling of inauthenticity when performing their duties. Trying to fulfill the wishes and needs of those of the congregation who ask for their help, they feel like an impostor. The discrepancy between act and experience causes a serious problem in identity. However when authenticity is not considered to be an individual experience and a personal dilemma but as a relational characteristic, the concept of play may be usefully engaged to explain the dramaturgical essence of pastoral performance. The success of pastoral performance depends on maintaining the right aesthetical distance in the drama enacted, so that some form of catharsis might be effected. That distance is found in introducing the concept of ordination where the relation between pastor and congregation is concerned, and it is to be found in the concept of profession where pastors perceive and evaluate their own role performance. Both ordination and profession act as distancing devices enabling the pastor to play the right role rightly. Acting as if, the pastor may be experienced as authentic, as a real pastor.     

Social loafing vs. social enhancement: Public goods provisioning in real-time with irrevocable commitments

Whereas most experimental studies of public goods provisioning require that all players make their decisions simultaneously, in most organizational settings contribution decisions are made in real time. To account for this aspect of the decision process, we introduce a real-time protocol of play in which, at any point in time, players can either withhold or contribute their entire endowment to a step-level public good. Once contributed, the individual endowments—that in the present experiment differ from one group member to another—cannot be withdrawn. Our results show that contribution levels under the real-time protocol with irrevocable commitments significantly exceed those observed in previous studies under the more common simultaneous protocol of play, thereby considerably reducing social loafing (free riding). Consistent with our equilibrium analysis, over multiple iterations of the game play converges to an equilibrium set of players who maximize the sum of their individual benefit-to-contribution ratios.     

在家庭自由游戏和智力任务游戏中儿童与母亲的交往行为特征

本研究采用家庭录像观察的方法,考察了61名3－4岁儿童在家庭环境中的两个情境－－自由和带有智力任务倾向的拼图游戏情境中所表现出来的行为特征,结果发现：1儿童在两种游戏情境中与母亲交往时所表现出来的行为特征可以从独立性、顺从、言语交流和参与四个维度进行评价。2当儿童的游戏从自由游戏转为带有智力任务倾向的游戏时,儿童与母亲的交往行为方式发生明显变化,交流行为和积极情绪明显减少,而依赖行为和不与母亲交流的行为显著增加。3在上述两种游戏情境中,儿童与母亲的交往行为表现出个别差异,在自由游戏情境中,42.6%为独立型、32.8%为顺从型和24.6%为交流型;在拼图游戏情境中,54％为独立型、23％为顺从型和23％不顺从型。