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101.
社会两难的行为动机研究认为,害怕和贪婪是人们选择不合作的原因。信任的心理学研究为社会两难的合作行为提供了另一种观点,即害怕被利用的背后实际上体现了博弈者对对方的信任的缺失。鉴于传统社会两难范式存在难以区分信任和合作两个因素的问题,本研究设计了“信任一合作”二阶段模拟实验,通过操作重复信托博弈中的信息反馈,研究虚拟多人信托博弈中初始信任和基于经验的信任对随后的公共财物两难博弈中合作行为的影响,结果发现:(1)初始信任对基于经验的信任的建立具有一定的积极影响,但是它对合作行为的作用远不如随后的基于经验的信任;(2)基于经验的信任水平高的被试在随后的公共财物两难博弈中也表现出较高的合作行为。 相似文献
102.
This paper focuses on model interpretation issues and employs a geometric approach to compare the potential value of using
the Grade of Membership (GoM) model in representing population heterogeneity. We consider population heterogeneity manifolds
generated by letting subject specific parameters vary over their natural range, while keeping other population parameters
fixed, in the marginal space (based on marginal probabilities) and in the full parameter space (based on cell probabilities).
The case of a 2 × 2 contingency table is discussed in detail, and a generalization to 2J tables with J ≥ 3 is sketched. Our approach highlights the main distinction between the GoM model and the probabilistic mixture of classes
by demonstrating geometrically the difference between the concepts of partial and probabilistic memberships. By using the
geometric approach we show that, in special cases, the GoM model can be thought of as being similar to an item response theory
(IRT) model in representing population heterogeneity. Finally, we show that the GoM item parameters can provide quantities
analogous to more general logistic IRT item parameters. As a latent structure model, the GoM model might be considered a useful
alternative for a data analysis when both classes of extreme responses, and additional heterogeneity that cannot be captured
by those latent classes, are expected in the population.
This work was supported by Award #1R03 AG18986-01 from the National Institute on Aging and NIH grant #1R01 CA94212-01. The
presentation of the ideas in this paper owes much to discussions with Stephen Fienberg and Brian Junker, Carnegie Mellon University.
The author thanks Jim Ramsay and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this paper. 相似文献
103.
John Polkinghorne 《Zygon》1999,34(1):151-158
Wolfhart Pannenberg's engagement with the natural sciences is surveyed. A critique is given of his treatment of these themes: the concept of a field; contingency; the role of the future. 相似文献
104.
Probst TM Carnevale PJ Triandis HC 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》1999,77(3):5-191
Do cultural values influence the manner in which people cooperate with one another? This study assessed cultural characteristics of individuals and then related these characteristics to cooperative behavior in social dilemmas. Participants were assessed for their degree of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism, cultural values identified by Triandis (1995). They made choices in either a single-group or an intergroup social dilemma. The single-group dilemma entailed a three-person dilemma; the intergroup dilemma was identical but added subgroup competition, i.e., an opposing three-person group. The results indicated an interaction between cultural characteristics and type of dilemma for cooperation. The single-group versus intergroup effect reported by Bornstein and Ben-Yossef (1994) was replicated, but only for vertical individualists. The vertical individualists were least cooperative in the single-group dilemma but were more cooperative in the intergroup dilemma-where cooperation with the group maximized personal outcomes. The vertical collectivists were most cooperative in the single-group dilemma but were less cooperative in the intergroup dilemma- where group defection resulted in maximum group outcomes. The horizontal individualists and collectivists exhibited an intermediate level of cooperation, with no differences in cooperation between the single-group and intergroup dilemmas. Taken together, the results suggest that the relationship between cultural values and cooperation, in particular with reference to vertical and horizontal components of individualism and collectivism, is more complex than has been suggested in past research. Copyright 1999 Academic Press. 相似文献
105.
An interdependent group-oriented contingency and graphic feedback were used to increase the activity levels of residents of a group home for persons with traumatic brain injury. Results showed that the intervention was effective for 4 of the 6 subjects. Individual performances must be examined when implementing group contingencies because all subjects may not respond. 相似文献
106.
Linda Jarchow Jones 《Zygon》1994,29(1):115-125
Abstract. In this paper, I explore, as a Christian and a parish pastor, what drew me into the religion-science dialogue and what keeps me involved. Encounters with nature and readings of evolutionary theory answer some questions and raise others, especially questions about chance and the nature of God. I persist in my quest for understanding because creedal affirmations of God as Creator demand an examination of the relationship between God and the world, and because I want to proclaim the Christian message in a credible way to parishioners raised with a scientific worldview. Along the way I am reaping unexpected spiritual dividends. 相似文献
107.
Abstract. Religious traditions enable ancestors to encourage proper social behavior in their distant descendants. Although traditional myths and rituals can provide basic values, these values must be interpreted in light of the specific circumstances encountered by later generations. In tribal societies the task of interpreting religious traditions falls upon religious leaders known as shamans. Shamans, perhaps universally, are claimed to obtain instructions from dead ancestors on how to deal with social disruptions. This paper argues that a focus on the more exotic aspects of shamanism has kept previous studies from realizing the crucial role of shamans as interpreters of religious traditions. 相似文献
108.
109.
Neumann JK 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1977,10(4):755-758
The data analyses utilized in group contingency projects are reviewed. Previous studies are cited to emphasize advantages of nonconsolidated ("individual") over consolidated analyses. Several procedures are described that enable applied researchers to incorporate nonconsolidated data analyses in group contingency studies. 相似文献
110.
Robert L. Koegel Dennis C. Russo Arnold Rincover 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1977,10(2):197-205
This study investigated the feasibility of developing reliable, valid criteria for measuring and training the skills necessary to teach autistic children. The behaviors of 11 teachers and 12 autistic children were recorded in a series of different teaching situations. Teacher-training was initiated at different times for different teachers. The results showed: (1) it was possible to assess empirically whether a teacher was correctly using defined behavior-modification techniques; (2) generally, for any given session, systematic improvement in the child's behavior did not occur unless the teacher working in that session had been trained to use the techniques to a high criterion; (3) all 11 teachers were rapidly trained to use these techniques; and (4) the teachers learned generalized skills effective with a variety of children and target behaviors. 相似文献