智能医疗的伦理困境与治理——基于以病人为中心的考察

智能医疗的研究与应用发展迅速,在医疗检测、诊断与预测等多领域都显示出了更强的技术优越性。与此同时,智能医疗也出现了算法黑箱导致的病人知情权受到侵犯、用户数据泄露、公平正义问题以及责任归属难以界定等亟待解决的各种伦理难题,对“以病人为中心”的医学临床传统造成威胁。智能医疗的广泛应用不仅需要突破技术难题,更加需要构建以病人为中心的伦理治理体系,做出尊重病人需求和权利的理性决策。

     

精神分裂症患者的疾病表达与身份困境——一项基于知乎的实证研究

基于知乎的25起自述文本,研究精神分裂症患者的疾病表达,探究患者病程对叙事类型产生的影响,剖析患者面临的身份困境。研究发现,接受治疗的患者偏向于康复叙事,未治疗的患者偏向于混乱叙事和探寻叙事;同时,精神分裂症患者面临本我、自我与超我相互冲突的身份困境。未来可以在传播层面针对性加强精神疾病类的科普教育以促进患者就医;在叙事层面挖掘以病患作为主体传播模式的潜力、深化叙事疗法中的共情体验以辅助患者建构身份。

     

广西扶绥肝癌防治引发的环境与健康关系的哲学思考

从分析文献资料入手,对环境与健康的关系进行哲学思考。广西扶绥以玉米为主食的人群,因摄入过量黄曲霉素及饮用污染塘水,导致肝癌高发和高死亡率;而减少黄曲霉素摄入量、改饮清洁水,肝癌发生率和死亡率随之降低。因此,环境与健康相互影响,高温高湿环境诱发玉米产生黄曲霉素,污染塘水存在大量腐殖酸,食之饮之严重危害人的健康;健康意识觉醒,主粮由玉米改为水稻,饮用深井水,健康状况得以改善。在尊重环境与健康相互影响客观性基础上,追求客观性与主观性、人文性的统一。     

基于社会资本理论的社区慢性病防治管理策略浅析

慢性非传染性疾病对居民健康的威胁与日俱增。预防和控制慢性病的蔓延是卫生工作者和公共卫生系统面临的挑战, 也关系到国家社会经济能否持续健康的发展。在社会资本理论这一全新视角下, 分析如何构建社区慢性病防治体系, 整合社会资源, 改善人际网络关系。社区慢性病防治体系的建立将为社会资本的重组和再生形成助推器, 并有助于实现二者的相互促进, 同时, 对提高医疗资源的使用效率, 减轻患者及其家属的经济负担, 建立互信互利的社区慢性病防治平台具有重要的现实指导意义。     

循证理念在当代传染病防控领域的应用

循证医学引发医学领域的创新和革命,其理念应用于公共卫生领域形成了循证公共卫生。21世纪多种新发和复发传染病的全球性暴发为循证理念的应用带来挑战。高风险的研究环境、复杂的干预手段、证据稀缺、研究设计困难,以及在高度不确定和紧迫时间下建立程序和生成建议的需求,使循证方法学必须通过拓展和调适以解决传染病问题。六步骤快速风险评估机制、AGREE Ⅱ指南评估工具、全球传染病循证资源数据库,成为满足传染病防治的特殊要求而创新的循证实践工具。

     

Individual differences in higher-level cognitive abilities do not predict overconfidence in complex task performance

Even when people perform tasks poorly, they often report unrealistically positive estimates of their own abilities in these situations. To better understand the origins of such overconfidence, we investigated whether it could be predicted by individual differences in working memory, attentional control, and self-reported trait impulsivity. Overconfidence was estimated by contrasting objective and subjective measures of situation awareness (the ability to perceive and understand task-relevant information in the environment), acquired during a challenging air traffic control simulation. We found no significant relationships between overconfidence and either working memory or attentional control. However, increased impulsivity significantly predicted greater overconfidence. In addition, overall levels of overconfidence were lower in our complex task than in previous studies that used less-complex lab-based tasks. Our results suggest that overconfidence may not be linked to high-level cognitive abilities, but that dynamic tasks with frequent opportunities for performance feedback may reduce misconceptions about personal performance.     

Quantitative assessment of drawing tests in children with dyslexia and dysgraphia

Drawing tests in children diagnosed with dyslexia and dysgraphia were quantitatively compared. Fourteen children with dysgraphia, 19 with dyslexia and 13 normally developing were asked to copy 3 figures: a circle, a square and a cross. An optoelectronic system allowed the acquisition of the drawing track in three-dimensions. The participants’ head position and upper limb movements were measured as well. A set of parameters including movement duration, velocity, length of the trace, Range of Motion of the upper limb, was computed and compared among the 3 groups. Children with dyslexia traced the circle faster than the other groups. In the cross test, dyslexic participants showed a reduced execution time and increased velocity while drawing the horizontal line. Children with dyslexia were also faster in drawing certain sides of square with respect to the other groups.