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501.
We examined the relationships between executive functioning, family environment, and parenting practices in children diagnosed
with ADHD as compared to children without ADHD. Participants were parents (N = 134) of 6- to 12-year-old ADHD and non-ADHD-diagnosed children. Compared to the control group, parents of children diagnosed
with ADHD reported their children as exhibiting greater problems with behavioral control and metacognitive abilities, and
described their family environments as less organized and higher in family conflict. Family environment and parenting practices
were not correlated with behavioral control or metacognitive abilities in children with ADHD. In children without ADHD, higher
levels of family cohesion, organization, and expressiveness, and lower levels of family conflict, were significantly correlated
with greater behavioral control. Higher levels of family cohesion and organization were significantly and positively associated
with regulation of metacognitive abilities in children without ADHD. In general, aspects of the family environment and parental
limit setting appear to be associated with the development of executive functions in children not diagnosed with ADHD; however,
family environment and parenting practices were not associated with executive functions in children diagnosed with ADHD. 相似文献
502.
Jay Belsky Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg Marinus H. van IJzendoorn 《Current directions in psychological science》2007,16(6):300-304
ABSTRACT— Evidence that adverse rearing environments exert negative effects particularly on children presumed "vulnerable" for temperamental or genetic reasons may actually reflect something else: heightened susceptibility to the negative effects of risky environments and to the beneficial effects of supportive environments. Building on Belsky's (1997, 2005) evolutionary-inspired proposition that some children are more affected—both for better and for worse—by their rearing experiences than are others, we consider recent work on child vulnerability, including that involving measured genes, along with evidence showing that putatively vulnerable children are especially susceptible to both positive and negative rearing effects. We also consider methodological issues and unanswered questions in the differential-susceptibility equation. 相似文献
503.
Crystal L. Hoyt Lauren Aguilar Jim Blascovich 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2007,43(6):884-893
Two experiments assessed the self-protective and undermining effects of attributional ambiguity. Both studies utilized immersive virtual environment technology to achieve otherwise difficult manipulations of stigma. In Experiment 1, White and Latino participants were either stigmatized (represented as Latino) or not (represented as White) and given negative leadership performance feedback. Afterwards, stigmatized participants reported higher well-being and attributed negative feedback more to discrimination than nonstigmatized participants. In Experiment 2, Latinos represented veridically showed self-protective effects after receiving negative leadership feedback. Additionally, this experiment revealed undermining effects of attributional ambiguity such that those participants represented as Latino discounted positive feedback and reported lower well-being. Thus, attributional ambiguity of stigmatized individuals (real or induced) buffered well-being in the face of negative feedback but undermined the well-being effects of positive feedback. 相似文献
504.
The present study examined the roles of student perceptions of four aspects of school climate (friction, cohesion, competition among students, and satisfaction with classes) as moderators of the relations between effortful control and subsequent conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Participants were 488 10-to-14-year old students involved in two waves, with one year between each wave, of a study. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that high levels of perceived friction predicted more subsequent conduct problems and depressive symptoms, even after baseline levels of these problems were partialled out. Low levels of effortful control also elevated risk for subsequent conduct problems. However, perceptions of the school as high in cohesion offset the risk associated with low levels of effortful control. Perceived satisfaction with classes also offset this risk, but only for females. Contrary to expectations, student perceptions of school climate did not interact with effortful control to predict subsequent depressive symptoms. 相似文献
505.
Tengland PA 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2007,28(4):257-284
The starting point for the contemporary debate about theories of health should be the holistic theory of Lennart Nordenfelt,
claims George Khushf, not the refuted theory of Christopher Boorse. The present paper is an attempt to challenge Nordenfelt
and to present an alternative theory to his and other theories, including Boorse’s. The main problems with Nordenfelt’s theory
are that it is relativistic, that it leads to counter-intuitive results as to what goals can count as healthy, that it focuses
on the wrong kind of abilities, that it makes measuring health extra difficult, and that it does not give us a sufficient
account of health, at most a necessary one. The alternative theory proposed is two-dimensional. First, health is to have developed
the abilities and dispositions that members of one’s culture typically develop, and be able to use them, in acceptable circumstances;
and second, health is to experience positive moods and sensations, the kinds that have internal causes. The theory solves
the problems attached to Nordenfelt’s theory by not being individual relativistic, by eliminating the goals in the definition,
by giving an alternative interpretation of “ability,” by making health easier to measure, and by adding the dimension of well-being
that, together with health as ability, not only gives us a necessary, but also a sufficient, account of health. 相似文献
506.
507.
Speakers of many languages around the world rely on body‐based contrasts (e.g., left/right ) for spatial communication and cognition. Speakers of Yupno, a language of Papua New Guinea's mountainous interior, rely instead on an environment‐based uphill/downhill contrast. Body‐based contrasts are as easy to use indoors as outdoors, but environment‐based contrasts may not be. Do Yupno speakers still use uphill/downhill contrasts indoors and, if so, how? We report three studies on spatial communication within the Yupno house. Even in this flat world, uphill/downhill contrasts are pervasive. However, the terms are not used according to the slopes beyond the house's walls, as reported in other groups. Instead, the house is treated as a microworld, with a “conceptual topography” that is strikingly reminiscent of the physical topography of the Yupno valley. The phenomenon illustrates some of the distinctive properties of environment‐based reference systems, as well as the universal power and plasticity of spatial contrasts. 相似文献
508.
抑郁具有复杂的多基因遗传基础,然而既有研究大多采用单基因以及单基因-环境交互设计(G×E)考察抑郁的遗传机制。以757名男青少年为被试(初次测评时Mage=11.32岁,SD=0.49岁),采用多基因-环境交互(G×G×E)设计,本研究考察了MAOA(monoamine oxidase A,单胺氧化酶A)基因T941G多态性、COMT(catechol-O-methyltransferase,儿茶酚胺氧位甲基转移酶)基因Val158Met多态性与同伴侵害对青少年早期抑郁的影响。结果显示,MAOA基因T941G多态性与同伴侵害交互作用于青少年抑郁,同伴侵害仅显著正向预测G等位基因(而非T等位基因)青少年抑郁。而且,MAOA基因T941G多态性与同伴侵害的交互作用受到COMT基因Val158Met多态性的调节,上述交互作用仅存在于COMT Met等位基因而非Val/Val基因型携带者中。研究结果显示,抑郁的产生与个体差异存在多基因与环境间的复杂交互机制。 相似文献
509.
Kara J. Blacker Steven M. Weisberg Nora S. Newcombe Susan M. Courtney 《Visual cognition》2017,25(7-8):691-702
Spatial working memory (WM) seems to include two types of spatial information: locations and relations. However, this distinction has been based on small-scale tasks. Here, we used a virtual navigation paradigm to examine whether WM for locations and relations applies to the large-scale spatial world. We found that navigators who successfully learned two routes and also integrated them were superior at maintaining multiple locations and multiple relations in WM. However, over the entire spectrum of navigators, WM for spatial relations, but not locations, was specifically predictive of route integration performance. These results lend further support to the distinction between these two forms of spatial WM and point to their critical role in individual differences in navigation proficiency. 相似文献
510.