A mixed methods exploration of the parent perspective of talent development environments across a national multi-sport landscape

Parents are known to be important influencers in the talent development process but are often overlooked. Understanding the parent perspective may help National Governing Bodies and coaches improve their support for young talented athletes. This study aims to understand the parent perspective of the talent development experience across a national multi-sport landscape using mixed methods. Four hundred and eighty-five parents of pathway athletes completed the talent development environment questionnaire for parents (TDEQ-P), which included the opportunity for parents to respond in an open fashion. The results revealed several key relative strengths and weaknesses of the talent development environment. Areas identified for improvement included 1) Communication related to pathway understanding, planning, guidance, and feedback, 2) Individualised training, goal setting, and feedback, 3) Facilities, 4) Access to a specialist support network, in particular psychology support, 5) Engagement between coaches and, 6) Dual career management and engagement with educational institutions. The results also revealed evidence of context specific needs between performance level, sport type, and age group. The TDEQ-P may be an efficient and effective way coaches can access important feedback, improve communication, and build relationships with parents in sport.     

儿童实用创造力发展及其与家庭环境的关系

以中小学生（9岁至16岁）为研究对象,采用实用创造性测验任务,探查了儿童创造力的发展以及家庭环境因素对于创造力的影响,并得到如下的结论：（1）儿童的创造力随年龄发展逐渐提高,但创造力新颖性、流畅性和变通性三个维度的发展并不均衡,流畅性和变通性在9至11岁期间比其他年龄阶段发展得更快;（2）家庭环境对于儿童的创造力有直接影响也有间接影响,其中间接影响是通过影响创造性态度而得以实现的。     

儿童早期读写能力发展的环境影响因素研究

自1966年Clay首次提出早期读写能力(Emergent Literacy)的观点以来,对于0—6岁学前儿童读写能力的研究引起了教育学家、心理学家、语言学家的广泛关注和重视,该文首先介绍了早期读写能力的提出与界定．然后具体从社会文化背景、家庭读写环境、幼儿园读写环境三个方面对影响儿童早期读写能力的环境因素进行了分析。最后对目前的研究进行了简单的小结,并指出了在我国进行相关研究的迫切性和重要意义。     

Dynamics of Interpersonal Political Environment and Party Identification: Longitudinal Studies of Voting in Japan and New Zealand

The dynamical systems theory of groups claims that interpersonal political environment and party identification are dynamically interrelated to provide heuristics under uncertainty. Panel data over the course of a year examined the longitudinal dynamics between social networks, social identifications, and voting behavior among a national sample of registered voters in Japan and a regional sample in Wellington, New Zealand. Respondents with more stable party identification had greater stability in the political preferences of their interpersonal network in both countries; moreover, stability in party identification was predicted by interpersonal political environment and older age in both countries. Stability of party identification predicted voting consistency in both countries, whereas stability of interpersonal political environment made an independent contribution to voting consistency in Japan only. There were cultural differences in levels of interpersonal political environment stability, but the amount of political discussion and ideological stability did not make independent contributions to any of the three main variables. Results provided support for the dynamical systems theory of groups.     

Differential perceptions of and feelings about sibling children: implications for research on parenting stress

Parenting stress is influenced by parents' perceptions of their relationships with their children, which can vary widely for each parent depending on which child in the family is being considered. Because this within‐parent variation is rarely studied, we investigated some of the differential perceptions that arise with respect to children's behaviour problems and parent–child negativity/positivity. Participants included a national sample of adoptive parents of 486 pairs of genetically unrelated siblings. Mothers reported different perceptions of their sibling children, and within the family, the child who was rated higher in behaviour problems also was regarded with more negativity and less positivity. Furthermore, the magnitude of the difference was uncorrelated with various indicators of the family and home environment, including parental education and occupational prestige, type of housing and crowding in the home, and progressive versus traditional childrearing attitudes. This pattern of results was consistent with three previously published sibling studies utilizing similar methods. The results point to the importance of examining child effects and within‐parent differences in subjective aspects of the parenting experience. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

儿童情绪伪装能力的发展和影响因素

情绪伪装体现了情绪的社会性和适应功能,是情绪的一种调节策略。该文综述了有关儿童情绪伪装的研究,分析了影响情绪伪装的家庭、同伴、文化等外部因素和言语能力、性别角色、气质特点等内部因素,探讨了儿童情绪伪装研究的未来方向     

Uphill and Downhill in a Flat World: The Conceptual Topography of the Yupno House

Speakers of many languages around the world rely on body‐based contrasts (e.g., left/right ) for spatial communication and cognition. Speakers of Yupno, a language of Papua New Guinea's mountainous interior, rely instead on an environment‐based uphill/downhill contrast. Body‐based contrasts are as easy to use indoors as outdoors, but environment‐based contrasts may not be. Do Yupno speakers still use uphill/downhill contrasts indoors and, if so, how? We report three studies on spatial communication within the Yupno house. Even in this flat world, uphill/downhill contrasts are pervasive. However, the terms are not used according to the slopes beyond the house's walls, as reported in other groups. Instead, the house is treated as a microworld, with a “conceptual topography” that is strikingly reminiscent of the physical topography of the Yupno valley. The phenomenon illustrates some of the distinctive properties of environment‐based reference systems, as well as the universal power and plasticity of spatial contrasts.     

MAOA基因T941G多态性与同伴侵害对男青少年早期抑郁的交互作用:COMT基因Val158Met多态性的调节效应

抑郁具有复杂的多基因遗传基础,然而既有研究大多采用单基因以及单基因-环境交互设计(G×E)考察抑郁的遗传机制。以757名男青少年为被试(初次测评时Mage=11.32岁,SD=0.49岁),采用多基因-环境交互(G×G×E)设计,本研究考察了MAOA(monoamine oxidase A,单胺氧化酶A)基因T941G多态性、COMT(catechol-O-methyltransferase,儿茶酚胺氧位甲基转移酶)基因Val158Met多态性与同伴侵害对青少年早期抑郁的影响。结果显示,MAOA基因T941G多态性与同伴侵害交互作用于青少年抑郁,同伴侵害仅显著正向预测G等位基因(而非T等位基因)青少年抑郁。而且,MAOA基因T941G多态性与同伴侵害的交互作用受到COMT基因Val158Met多态性的调节,上述交互作用仅存在于COMT Met等位基因而非Val/Val基因型携带者中。研究结果显示,抑郁的产生与个体差异存在多基因与环境间的复杂交互机制。     

Keeping track of where we are: Spatial working memory in navigation

Spatial working memory (WM) seems to include two types of spatial information: locations and relations. However, this distinction has been based on small-scale tasks. Here, we used a virtual navigation paradigm to examine whether WM for locations and relations applies to the large-scale spatial world. We found that navigators who successfully learned two routes and also integrated them were superior at maintaining multiple locations and multiple relations in WM. However, over the entire spectrum of navigators, WM for spatial relations, but not locations, was specifically predictive of route integration performance. These results lend further support to the distinction between these two forms of spatial WM and point to their critical role in individual differences in navigation proficiency.