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271.
Petra Jansen Jennifer Lehmann 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(2):92-98
In this study, the effect of motor expertise on an object-based mental rotation
task was investigated. 60 males and 60 females (40 soccer players, 40 gymnasts,
and 40 non-athletes, equivalent males and females in each group) solved a
psychometric mental rotation task with both cube and human figures. The results
revealed that all participants had a higher mental rotation accuracy for human
figures compared to cubed figures, that the gender difference was reduced with
human figures, and that gymnasts demonstrated a better mental rotation
performance than non-athletes. The results are discussed against the background
of the existing literature on motor experts, mental rotation performance as well
as the importance of the testing situation and the test construction. 相似文献
272.
Piotr Styrkowiec Remigiusz Szczepanowski 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(4):202-215
The analysis of reaction time (RT) distributions has become a recognized standard
in studies on the stimulus response correspondence (SRC) effect as it allows
exploring how this effect changes as a function of response speed. In this
study, we compared the spatial SRC effect (the classic Simon effect) with the
motion SRC effect using RT distribution analysis. Four experiments were
conducted, in which we manipulated factors of space position and motion for
stimulus and response, in order to obtain a clear distinction between positional
SRC and motion SRC. Results showed that these two types of SRC effects differ in
their RT distribution functions as the space positional SRC effect showed a
decreasing function, while the motion SRC showed an increasing function. This
suggests that different types of codes underlie these two SRC effects. Potential
mechanisms and processes are discussed. 相似文献
273.
Numerals are processed by a phylogenetically old analogue magnitude system. Can culturally new negative numerals be processed using this same representation? To find out whether magnitude representation could be used, we contrasted three possible processing mechanisms: an extended magnitude system for both positive and negative numbers, a mirroring mechanism that could transform negative values to the positive range to be processed on the positive magnitude system, and a sign shortcut strategy that can process the signs of numbers independently of the absolute values of numerals. To test these three hypotheses, a comparison task was used and the reaction time pattern, numerical distance, and Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect was analysed. The results revealed a mirroring process along with a sign shortcut mechanism. The SNARC effect was observed only when positive numbers were compared. 相似文献
274.
One of the most frequently used markers in research on numerical cognition is the distance effect. Recently, we have suggested that a distance effect can have different origins depending on the experimental task. By dissociating the comparison distance effect from the priming distance effect we revealed the need to study the origin of this effect before drawing any conclusions from it (van Opstal, Gevers, de Moor, &; Verguts, 2008). Because a distance effect in a same–different task is also commonly used to study number representations (e.g., Dehaene &; Akhavein, 1995), the present study aimed at uncovering the origin of the effect in this task. Computational and empirical results indicate clearly that the distance effect in the same–different task originates from number representations rather than a decision process. 相似文献
275.
The involvement of working memory sub-systems in syllogistic reasoning problems was assessed by dual task methods. Effects of skill level and training on working memory involvement in syllogistic reasoning were examined. In Study 1, participants were pre-selected into groups of High and Low skill at syllogistic reasoning on the basis of a pencil-and-paper screening test. Six separate High and Low skill groups completed syllogistic reasoning tasks in control conditions and each group was also tested under one of the following six dual task conditions: articulatory suppression, unattended speech, verbal random generation, spatial random generation, tapping in a simple pattern, unattended pictures. The results indicated that the more skilled participants were generally following a high demand strategy, which loaded the central executive, phonological loop and imagery sub-systems, but that lower skill participants were generally following a less demanding strategy which did not load working memory components so heavily. In two Pilot Studies a training procedure was assessed and validated. In Study 2, participants were selected, on the basis of a screening test, as being unskilled at solving syllogisms but as performing above guessing level. These participants underwent the training regime validated in the Pilot Studies. Following training, separate groups of participants carried out syllogistic tests with and without one of the following four secondary tasks: articulatory suppression, unattended pictures, spatial random generation, and verbal random generation. The pattern of results indicated that training had induced high demand strategies (often logic-equivalent), which loaded the central executive and to a lesser extent the phonological loop. 相似文献
276.
277.
《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(6):679-698
Tipper, Paul and Hayes found object-based correspondence effects for door-handle stimuli for shape judgments but not colour. They reasoned that a grasping affordance is activated when judging dimensions related to a grasping action (shape), but not for other dimensions (colour). Cho and Proctor, however, found the effect with respect to handle position when the bases of the door handles were centred (so handles were positioned left or right; the base-centred condition) but not when the handles were centred (the object-centred condition), suggesting that the effect is driven by object location, not grasping affordance. We conducted an independent replication of Cho and Proctor's design, but with behavioural and event-related potential measures. Participants made shape judgments in Experiment 1 and colour judgments in Experiment 2 on the same door-handle objects. Correspondence effects on response time and errors were obtained in both experiments for the base-centred condition but not the object-centred condition. Effects were absent in the P1 and N1 data, which are consistent with the hypothesis of little binding between visual processing of grasping component and action. These findings question the grasping-affordance view but support a spatial-coding view, suggesting that correspondence effects are modulated primarily by object location. 相似文献
278.
《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(7):691-702
ABSTRACTThe fan effect shows that memory is superior for information associated with few contexts relative to information associated with many contexts. The current study examined the fan effect within face recognition. Participants studied faces in which eye regions were associated with only one face (low-fan) or several faces (high-fan). Additionally, we examined whether featural fan might moderate in-group biases (i.e. in-group faces are better remembered than out-group faces). To this end, we manipulated occupation status (Experiment 1) and age (Experiment 2) of studied faces, and presented high- and low-fan faces. Results showed that low-fan faces were better remembered than high-fan faces. We did not detect an in-group bias as a function of occupation status, but there was a robust own-age bias. Fan type did not moderate the own-age bias, however. Although face recognition is sensitive to featural fan, the effect does not appear to differentially impact the own-age bias.. 相似文献
279.
Observers viewed a moving target, and after the target vanished, indicated either the initial position or the final position of the target. In Experiment 1, an auditory tone cued observers to indicate either the initial position or the final position; in Experiment 2, different groups of observers indicated the initial position or the final position. Judgments of the initial position were displaced backward in the direction opposite to motion, and judgments of the final position were displaced forward in the direction of motion. The data suggest that the remembered trajectory is longer than the actual trajectory, and the displacement pattern is not consistent with the hypothesis that representational momentum results from a distortion of memory for the location of a trajectory. 相似文献
280.