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101.
Behavior analysts in the war on poverty: A review of the use of financial incentives to promote education and employment
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August F. Holtyn Brantley P. Jarvis Kenneth Silverman 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2017,107(1):9-20
Poverty is a pervasive risk factor underlying poor health. Many interventions that have sought to reduce health disparities associated with poverty have focused on improving health‐related behaviors of low‐income adults. Poverty itself could be targeted to improve health, but this approach would require programs that can consistently move poor individuals out of poverty. Governments and other organizations in the United States have tested a diverse range of antipoverty programs, generally on a large scale and in conjunction with welfare reform initiatives. This paper reviews antipoverty programs that used financial incentives to promote education and employment among welfare recipients and other low‐income adults. The incentive‐based, antipoverty programs had small or no effects on the target behaviors; they were implemented on large scales from the outset, without systematic development and evaluation of their components; and they did not apply principles of operant conditioning that have been shown to determine the effectiveness of incentive or reinforcement interventions. By applying basic principles of operant conditioning, behavior analysts could help address poverty and improve health through development of effective antipoverty programs. This paper describes a potential framework for a behavior‐analytic antipoverty program, with the goal of illustrating that behavior analysts could be uniquely suited to make substantial contributions to the war on poverty. 相似文献
102.
Transforming Social Regularities in a Multicomponent Community‐Based Intervention: A Case Study of Professionals’ Adaptability to Better Support Parents to Meet Their Children's Needs
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Rodrigo Quiroz Saavedra Liesette Brunson Nathalie Bigras 《American journal of community psychology》2017,59(3-4):316-332
This paper presents an in‐depth case study of the dynamic processes of mutual adjustment that occurred between two professional teams participating in a multicomponent community‐based intervention (CBI). Drawing on the concept of social regularities, we focus on patterns of social interaction within and across the two microsystems involved in delivering the intervention. Two research strategies, narrative analysis and structural network analysis, were used to reveal the social regularities linking the two microsystems. Results document strategies and actions undertaken by the professionals responsible for the intervention to modify intersetting social regularities to deal with a problem situation that arose during the course of one intervention cycle. The results illustrate how key social regularities were modified in order to resolve the problem situation and allow the intervention to continue to function smoothly. We propose that these changes represent a transition to a new state of the ecological intervention system. This transformation appeared to be the result of certain key intervening mechanisms: changing key role relationships, boundary spanning, and synergy. The transformation also appeared to be linked to positive setting‐level and individual‐level outcomes: confidence of key team members, joint planning, decision‐making and intervention activities, and the achievement of desired intervention objectives. 相似文献
103.
情绪可以唤醒自主神经系统, 伴随有一系列的生理变化。从基础研究的角度来看, 正负性情绪可以诱发心血管系统(如心率、血压、心率变异性)、皮肤电系统(如皮肤电导水平)、呼吸系统(如呼吸阻力、每分通气量)和其他系统(如瞳孔直径、胃肌电等)的活动及其变化。在应用研究方面, 正负性情绪诱发的自主神经反应可以应用在多个领域, 主要包括用户体验中的情绪测量、基于生理信号的人-机情感交互系统的开发, 以及消费者态度和偏好的测查等。对于现有研究结果中存在的分歧, 从被试的个体差异、诱导范式的不一致性和诱导效果的可靠性, 以及刺激材料属性的多样化等方面进行了分析, 指出了未来研究应该注意的问题。 相似文献
104.
105.
Brianne Hastie 《Australian psychologist》2010,45(1):16-28
There are multiple alternative proposals for alleviating poverty, but unless these receive public support they are unlikely to be implemented. Drawing on Feagin's work, this research predicted support for different poverty alleviation proposals among Australians based on individual characteristics and attitudes, including explanations for poverty. Overall, participants (N = 526) favoured the minimum income proposal (traditional welfare) significantly more than the guaranteed jobs or equal income proposals. The results indicated differences in predictors of support for each proposal, but structural causes of poverty had the most consistent effect across all three. Other variables included gender, age, having received welfare, self‐reported social class, self‐reported financial situation, egalitarianism, conservatism, and support for individualistic explanations for poverty. The results suggested that Australians prefer traditional welfare‐style measures to alleviate poverty, compared to the other proposals examined here. Support for all proposals, however, was predicated on people's beliefs being consistent with those underlying the proposal. Those interested in implementing more radical solutions to address poverty need to emphasise the relations between the causes of poverty and the solutions to it in order to increase public support. 相似文献
106.
大学生日常消费决策中认知信息与情绪信息的交互作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用自编日常消费决策材料,以决策依据和决策质量为指标,通过对120名男女大学生的研究,结果发现:⑴男女在决策依据和决策质量方面均无显著差异;⑵认知信息、认知信息与情绪信息的交互作用均对决策依据有显著影响,而情绪信息对决策依据无显著影响,认知信息、情绪信息以及二者的交互作用对决策质量均无显著影响;⑶不同的认知信息在负性情绪变化上存在显著差异,而在正性情绪变化上无显著差异。 相似文献
107.
Johannes Kniess 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2019,27(3):556-572
Jeremy Bentham is often thought to have set the groundwork for the modern ‘animal liberation’ movement, but in fact he wrote little on the subject. A full examination of his work reveals a less radical position than that commonly attributed to him. Bentham was the first Western philosopher to grant animals equal consideration from within a comprehensive, non-religious moral theory, and he was a staunch defender of animal welfare laws. But he also approved of killing and using animals, as long as pointless cruelty could be avoided. The nuances of his position are best brought out by comparing it to that of Peter Singer, who draws considerably more radical practical conclusions. This is not primarily explained by competing formulations of utilitarianism, however, but by different empirical background assumptions about the lives of animals. 相似文献
108.
Michael Yeomans 《Journal of Consumer Psychology》2019,29(1):22-38
What do people enjoy about making recommendations? Although recommendation recipients can gain useful information, the value of these exchanges for the information provider is less clear in comparison. In this article we test whether a common recommendation heuristic—egocentric projection—also has hedonic consequences, by conducting experiments that compare recommendations (suggestions for another person) to reviews, in which people merely express their own preferences. Over five studies, people preferred reviewing over recommending. Recommenders enjoyed themselves less when they had to take their recipients' perspective, to the extent that the recipients' tastes were different from their own. These results suggest that self‐expression can be intrinsically rewarding for recommendation makers, and that recommendation seekers can elicit more information by asking for reviews instead. 相似文献
109.
基于情境效应和决策冲突理论, 通过三个实验探讨折衷产品选项的不可得如何影响消费者对余下可得产品的偏好。研究结果表明, 折衷商品不可得对余下商品的吸引力呈现非对称性的影响。以质量和价格产品属性的购买情境为例, 中等价格中等质量商品的不可得将显著提升低价格商品的吸引力(实验1), 其原因在于折衷方案不可得显著提高了消费者的决策冲突, 高水平的决策冲突导致决策者偏好具有确定性优势的选项, 规避优势存在模糊性的选项。随着质量属性模糊性的降低(提供专家评价, 实验2; 消费者专业知识较强, 实验3)或提高(质量存在波动范围, 实验2), 折衷商品不可得效应相应减弱或加强。 相似文献
110.
Tally Moses 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(4):567-581
Concerns have been raised about the quality and appropriateness of psychiatric medication treatment for youth treated in the
child welfare or juvenile justice systems. Unfortunately there is a lack of empirical research to indicate whether there are
indeed widespread problems related to psychopharmacologic treatment for youth served by public sector systems. This exploratory
study utilized data from a national survey of social workers to examine differences in reports on medication type, processes,
and perceived outcomes for adolescent clients in the juvenile justice and/or child welfare system (n = 90) versus non-systems
clients (n = 305). Relevant clinical and demographic factors were controlled in hierarchical binary logistic and linear regression
analyses. The results indicated that social workers referring to systems cases were more likely to report the use of highly
potent medication (antipsychotics, mood-stabilizers, and poly-pharmacy), less likely to report that clients were receptive
to or involved in the decision to utilize medication, and less likely to report beneficial medication outcomes. However, these
reported differences, suggesting that medication treatment for systems youth tends to be less participatory and beneficial,
were largely accounted for by differences in clients’ level of functional impairment and rate of disruptive behavior disorders.
Implications for further research are discussed. 相似文献