Exploring career decision-making styles across three European countries

Career decisions are amongst the most important we make. Unsurprisingly, much published research exists on this particular aspect of career behaviour. However, the overwhelming majority of studies have been carried out on young people making initial career decisions. This paper extends our understanding by examining how mid-career adults in three European countries (Denmark, France and Italy) actually make career decisions. Characteristic patterns of behaviour recur when individuals approach points of transition or of crisis; each of these transitioning styles is illustrated by an iconic case. Emergent findings support the growing body of evidence that challenges the dominant policy and practice orthodoxy, which places rationality at the centre of the process, by recognising the importance of emotion and context.     

Career optimism: The roles of contextual support and career decision-making self-efficacy

Drawing from the social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986), we examined the role of parental support, teacher support, and career decision-making self-efficacy as sources of career optimism. We tested our proposed model using 235 computer science majors from a large university in the Philippines. Surveys were conducted over two measurement periods (1 year apart). Results revealed that Time 1 parental and teacher support were positively associated with Time 2 career optimism. Furthermore, we found that these direct relationships were fully mediated by Time 1 career decision-making self-efficacy. These results remained significant even after controlling for neuroticism and past performance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Career decision-making profiles and career decision-making difficulties: A cross-cultural comparison among US,Israeli, and Chinese samples

Assessing individuals' career decision-making difficulties and career decision-making profile (style) allows counselors to help them make better career decisions. The present study focused on the associations between the Career Decision-Making Profiles (CDMP) questionnaire and the Career Decision-making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ) in four large samples: American adults (N = 601), Israeli young adults (N = 623), American students (N = 915), and Chinese students (N = 929). The pattern of associations between the 12 CDMP dimensions and the 10 CDDQ scales was generally replicated across the four samples, and indicated that certain CDMP dimensions were associated with career decision-making difficulties. Additionally, in all four samples, the higher an individual's career decision-making adaptability, as derived from the CDMP, the fewer difficulties he or she encountered prior to and during the career decision-making process. However, a few unique patterns of associations between the CDMP and the CDDQ emerged in some samples.     

安宁疗护共享决策中的信息需求——以晚期肿瘤患者及照护者为例

为了解晚期肿瘤患者及照护者参与安宁疗护共享决策时的信息需求,选取2021年4月~9月上海市某三甲医院安宁疗护科室15名晚期肿瘤住院患者及12名照护者进行半结构化个人深入访谈,运用Colaizzi七步资料分析法进行资料分析,提炼出主题。结果显示,患方行共享决策时信息需求分别为：疾病相关信息、治疗方案信息、患者支持性照护信息、出院计划信息、照护者支持内容、就诊信息以及可获得的社会支持。建议医务人员基于患方信息需求与患者及照护者的区别进行针对性的信息沟通,提高共享决策的质量。

     

不确定状态下的公共卫生推理及其实践价值

科学上的不确定性是公共卫生决策面临的最大挑战,实践中应将哲学与公共卫生更紧密地结合起来,作为解决当今最具挑战性的公共卫生问题的手段。不确定状态下的决策因伴随着认知资源上的匮乏而使传统逻辑学上的“谬误”形式成为特殊情势下的必选项。公共卫生推理的适用应当遵循预防原则、责任豁免原则和比例原则,其不仅是公共卫生研究的启发式工具,在决策论证、辅助决策、风险沟通等方面亦有重要实践价值。我国应重视公共卫生推理研究,构建多情境、多层次的公共卫生推理体系,强化其在舆情引导中的作用,通过思维科普增强风险沟通的实效。

     

放疗科的医患共同决策

放疗是恶性肿瘤最重要的治疗手段之一。由于诊疗体系的特殊性,放疗科与其他临床学科在医患共同决策方面有着巨大的差异性。在知情问题的处理上,需要选择性地与患者进行交流。在医患共同决策中,医生作为主导者具有纠偏的功能。按照放疗的治疗目的,达到不同层级的共同决策是放疗科的特征。放疗的疗程时间长,医患共同决策在整个放疗周期中被分解为多个,体现出差异性。了解这些特点,在放疗中应用共同决策,将使治疗的依从性得到改进。

     

基于目标导向行为模型的患者基层首诊决策机制研究

基于目标导向行为模型,采用结构方程模型方法探析患者基层首诊决策过程中的影响因素及其内在作用机制,从认知过程、情感过程、习惯过程和动机过程四方面剖析患者基层首诊行为意愿的形成机理。结果表明患者主观规范、行为态度、知觉行为控制以及正向预期情绪均正向显著影响患者基层首诊行为欲望,行为欲望和过去行为频率显著正向影响患者基层首诊行为意愿。建议强化患者基层首诊行为的价值与必要性,进一步改善患者基层就诊体验,增加患者基层首诊行为频率,激发患者基层首诊行为欲望。

     

三种决策的概念辨析对我国医疗决策实践的启示

在医疗决策领域,相对于共享决策,还有代理决策、支持决策两个SDM概念。系统回顾与比较了三种SDM决策类型的概念起源、定义特征及应用领域,同时梳理了三种概念之间的层次关系及内涵异同。三种SDM都是在“以患者为中心”文化驱动下的医疗决策类型,但其适用人群不同,且存在一定的隶属关系。基于中西方文化背景差异,进一步探讨了三种SDM概念对我国医疗决策实践的启示与建议,旨在为我国医疗决策工作的完善与提高提供更多依据。

     

A cross‐cultural assessment of attitudes regarding perceived breaches of ethical conduct by both parties in the business‐consumer dyad

Recent initiatives in business curricula have included emphases on global business and ethics. Using 28 scenarios which reflect potential concerns regarding the conduct of either business or a consumer, this research combines these issues by comparing the ethical predisposition of business students in Australia with their Canadian counterparts. A sample of 264 students indicated that students in both countries generally hold high expectations for the behaviour of business and consumers. Both groups exhibited quite similar views in relation to the 28 consumer and business‐related scenarios. When comparing Canadian students to Australian students, four significant differences were documented in the 14 scenarios which address the behaviour of business entities. The assessment of attitudes regarding questionable consumer actions provided even more homogeneity as only one statistically significant difference was identified. The study concludes by documenting a series of attitudinal differences on the part of groups defined not by nationality, but rather on the basis of gender or age. These demographic differences were more pronounced than were the differences across the two countries. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications.