信息显示板（IDB）实验在消费行为研究中的应用

信息显示板（Information Display Board, IDB）实验是一种过程跟踪技术,以m×n矩阵方式呈现信息阵列,通过观测被试信息检索和浏览的一系列行为,来研究被试问题解决和决策中的信息获得（information acquisition）过程。Mouselab是常用的IDB计算机化程序。消费者是有限理性的问题解决者,因此IDB实验被用于消费行为领域的研究。应用不同的IDB实验设置,研究者探索了消费决策中消费者信息获得的模式和影响因素。     

What do Patients Prefer: Informed Consent Models for Genetic Carrier Testing

The recent increased number of conditions for which patients can undergo genetic carrier testing raises the question of how best to obtain pre-test informed consent. Clinical approaches vary from a minimalist model to a model where patients are given detailed information about all conditions to be screened for. Few data exist as to patient preferences, or how information impacts decision-making. Eight high-literacy focus groups were conducted to assess the knowledge and preferences of pregnant patients and their male partners. Most groups indicated that some balance between details and brevity was optimal, recognizing that anxiety can occur when patients are provided with too much information and that the wide range of tests offered during pregnancy often led to confusion. Critical areas for the informed consent process included (1) details about the conditions and risk of being a carrier, (2) logistics of testing, (3) next steps if the test is positive, and (4) prognosis, options and resources if the child were to be affected with a disorder. It will be useful to develop model consent programs and prospectively assess their impact on informed consent and patient satisfaction, both when positive and negative results are received.     

决策与推理的双系统——启发式系统和分析系统

近来,在决策与推理的研究中,研究者提出了双系统作用模型：基于直觉的启发式系统和基于理性的分析系统。启发式系统加工速度较快,不占用或占用很少的心理资源,容易受背景相似性、刻板印象的影响;分析系统加工速度慢,占用较多的心理资源,遵从逻辑和规则,而且两个系统有不同进化历史和神经基础。该文根据已有的相关研究,综述了双系统在决策与推理中可能的作用机制、相互关系、个体差异,同时指出了目前研究存在的不足     

旅游信息特征对旅游决策影响的实验研究

本研究探讨了旅游信息特征对旅游者旅游决策的影响。研究表明,在旅游决策过程中,信息框架对旅游决策的结果,具有非常显著的影响,正面框架比负面框架,导致了更大额度的旅游消费决策;信息可信性对旅游决策的结果,也具有非常显著的影响,可信性高的信息,导致了较高额度的旅游消费选择。     

品牌个性与消费者自我概念的一致性及其对品牌忠诚的影响

品牌个性与消费者自概念的一致性是指消费者在进行品牌选择时,倾向于选择那些品牌个性与其自我概念一致的品牌。品牌个性与自我概念的一致性对消费者的品牌忠诚具有积极的影响。许多研究都证实了这一点。本文主要对品牌个性与消费者自我概念的一致性对品牌偏好的影响做了简要的概述,对并对其未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Motivated information processing and group decision-making: Effects of process accountability on information processing and decision quality

Integrating dual-process models [Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (Eds.). (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. NewYork: Guilford Press] with work on information sharing and group decision-making [Stasser, G., & Titus, W. (1985). Pooling of unshared information in group decision making: biased information sampling during discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1467-1478.], we predicted that groups with high epistemic motivation engage in more information-driven and less preference-driven interaction, and achieve better decisions. An experiment manipulating process accountability showed that groups under process accountability experienced greater need for more information, repeated unshared information more often, and more often chose the correct decision alternative. Mediation analysis established that epistemic motivation produced high quality decisions because it stimulated systematic information processing. Results also revealed that preference heterogeneity stimulated information-driven interaction and led to higher decision quality.     

THE “DEATH OF THE EGO” IN EAST‐MEETS‐WEST SPIRITUALITY: DIVERSE VIEWS FROM PROMINENT AUTHORS

Eastern religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, have traditionally held to the view that in order for an individual to fully benefit from their practice it was important to lessen or eliminate one's individual desires. Such practice was sometimes referred to as the “death of the ego” in order to emphasize its importance. However, the relatively recent popularity of East‐meets‐West spirituality in Western consumer cultures tends to emphasize the acceptance and transformation of one's ego rather than its death. This essay discusses sociological changes that have shaped and contributed to the popularity of East‐meets‐West spirituality in Western culture that in turn have brought about a modification of the principle of ego death. The views of six Western authors and practitioners of East‐meets‐West spirituality on the importance of the principle of ego death are compared and contrasted. Theories related to the management of self‐identity in consumer society can partly explain the modification of traditional Eastern religious practices, such as ego death, in order that they become relevant and appealing to a society that increasingly reifies the concept of the self. The implication is that the excision of the concept of ego death from the practice of East‐meets‐West spirituality may affect its efficacy.     

从对框架效应的分析看风险决策的神经基础

对风险决策的研究近年来一直是微观经济学和心理学的热门,但是从传统的决策理论到主张有限理性的预期理论大多是对决策行为的研究,决策的心理机制一直是无法解释的黑箱子。令人兴奋的是近几年来神经科学家及其他领域的学者开始用先进的神经心理学的方法来研究风险决策,试图理解神经过程调节风险决策行为的方式。文章从分析违背“不变性”原则的框架效应入手,从正反框架、确定选择和风险选择、风险规避和风险寻求、高估小概率事件几个方面,全面分析风险决策可能的神经基础。在总结已有研究的基础上提出了把风险决策研究扩展到不确定决策,把风险决策中的一次决策研究扩展到多次决策的研究思路     

大学生职业决策和自尊、成就动机的关系

在应用自尊量表(SES)和成就动机量表(AMS)对106名大学生(男生46名,女生60名)进行调查的基础上,通过设计框架性职业决策情景,探究了大学生职业决策和自尊、成就动机的关系。结果发现:(1)成就动机中避免失败变量与框架效应的交互作用对大学生职业决策倾向性有显著性影响;(2)自尊水平对大学生职业决策倾向性存在显著性作用;(3)框架效应在大学生职业决策中发生作用,对大学生的职业决策倾向性有显著的影响。     

Decision-makers are resilient in the face of social exclusion

A growing body of evidence suggests that social exclusion impairs people's capacity for active deliberation and logical reasoning. Building on this finding and on the postulate from the dual-process theory that analytical thinking is essential in order to make good judgements and decisions, we hypothesized that social exclusion will alter judgement and choice behaviour. We tested this hypothesis in three experiments in which social exclusion was manipulated using the Cyberball paradigm, an online ball-tossing game in which participants either received the ball a fair number of times or were excluded by the other two players. We focused on a range of tasks designed to be sensitive to participants’ ability to engage in analytical thinking and careful deliberation, including the cognitive reflection test (Experiment 1) and a set of anchoring, intertemporal preference, disjunction, and confidence tasks (experiments 2 and 3). Our results unanimously failed to support the hypothesis that social exclusion influences people's judgements and decision-making. We discuss the implications of our findings for social exclusion theory.