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101.
通过向被试呈现代表积极情景线索的材料(一段含有互助、和谐信息的公益短片),运用内隐联想测验(IAT)范式,从内隐社会认知的角度来研究积极情境线索对个体内隐攻击性的影响,并分析这种影响是否具有性别差异。结果表明:未观看积极情景线索材料的被试表现出显著的内隐攻击性,而观看积极情景线索材料的被试的内隐攻击性不显著;积极情景线索的主效应显著,且这一效应不存在性别差异。这说明,积极情景线索能有效抑制个体的内隐攻击性,并支持自我攻击信念IAT是测量个体内隐攻击性的有效工具。 相似文献
102.
Brian Hill 《Studia Logica》2008,89(1):81-109
It is well-known that classical models of belief are not realistic representations of human doxastic capacity; equally, models
of actions involving beliefs, such as decisions based on beliefs, or changes of beliefs, suffer from a similar inaccuracies.
In this paper, a general framework is presented which permits a more realistic modelling both of instantaneous states of belief,
and of the operations involving them. This framework is motivated by some of the inadequacies of existing models, which it
overcomes, whilst retaining technical rigour in so far as it relies on known, natural logical and mathematical notions. The
companion paper (Towards a “sophisticated” model of belief dynamics. Part II) contains an application of this framework to the particular case of belief revision.
Presented by Hannes Leitgeb 相似文献
103.
Kevin McCain 《Synthese》2008,164(2):185-200
Although several important methodologies implicitly assume the truth of epistemic conservatism, the view that holding a belief
confers some measure of justification on the belief, recent criticisms have led some to conclude that epistemic conservatism
is an implausible view. That conclusion is mistaken. In this article, I propose a new formulation of epistemic conservatism
that is not susceptible to the criticisms leveled at earlier formulations of epistemic conservatism. In addition to withstanding
these criticisms, this formulation of epistemic conservatism has several benefits. First, this formulation has the benefits
of earlier formulations of epistemic conservatism, that is to say it makes sense of our intuitions about justification in
regard to both memory beliefs and beliefs for which we have forgotten our evidence. Second, it provides a good way of responding
to the skeptic’s challenge concerning the possibility of possessing knowledge of the external world posed by the Alternative
Hypotheses argument. Third, it provides responses to both forms of a new skeptical problem plaguing basic knowledge structure
theories, the Problem of Easy Knowledge formulated by Stewart Cohen. I argue that given the many benefits of this formulation
of epistemic conservatism and the fact that it is not vulnerable to the criticisms that undermine earlier formulations of
epistemic conservatism, this formulation of epistemic conservatism is a plausible view to maintain. 相似文献
104.
Gregor Betz 《Synthese》2008,163(1):25-44
This paper shows how complex argumentation, analyzed as dialectical structures, can be evaluated within a Bayesian framework
by interpreting them as coherence constraints on subjective degrees of belief. A dialectical structure is a set of arguments
(premiss-conclusion structure) among which support- and attack-relations hold. This approach addresses the observation that
some theses in a debate can be better justified than others and thus fixes a shortcoming of a theory of defeasible reasoning
which applies the bivalence principle to argument evaluations by assigning them the status of being either defeated or undefeated.
Evaluation procedures which are based on the principle of bivalence can, however, be embedded as a special case within the
Bayesian framework. The approach developed in this paper rests on the assumptions that arguments can be reconstructed as deductively
valid and that complex argumentation can be reconstructed such that premisses of arguments with equivalent conclusions are
pairwise independent. 相似文献
105.
106.
选取了122名3~12岁聋童,并分别用65名3~5岁的正常儿童作对照,开展了2个实验系列,探讨了儿童的正确信念、一级错误信念及二级错误信念认知的发展特点.结果如下: (1)聋童及正常儿童信念认知的发展过程中,无论是关于正确信念,还是关于一级错误信念,都是先发展自我信念认知,再发展他人信念认知;(2)关于正确信念、一级错误信念和二级错误信念认知的发展,聋童都比正常儿童滞后,但两者的发展趋势一致; (3)手语聋童在信念认知上略好于口语聋童; (4)父母为聋人或父母会手语的聋童,以及兄弟姐妹会手语的聋童,其信念认知水平要比其他聋童好. 相似文献
107.
HIROSHI NONAMI 《The Japanese psychological research》2008,50(1):24-35
Abstract: The present study investigated the social determinants required to stimulate consistency in minority members' attitudes and behavior. The experiment was designed to examine the consistency of individuals in the context of an intergroup belief cross wherein the majority belief (or minority) in a categorical in-group shifted to the minority (or majority) in the out-group. The results indicated that the members of a majority within an in-group consistently preserved their behavioral intentions and beliefs even though they were positioned as a minority within an out-group. That is, the minority members in the whole intergroup context maintained consistency diachronically as a result of support from the majority of their in-group. The theoretical implications on the consistency of minority members, such as whistle-blowers in companies, are discussed. 相似文献
108.
Samir Chopra Aditya Ghose Thomas Meyer Ka-Shu Wong 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2008,37(5):501-520
The axiom of recovery, while capturing a central intuition regarding belief change, has been the source of much controversy.
We argue briefly against putative counterexamples to the axiom—while agreeing that some of their insight deserves to be preserved—and
present additional recovery-like axioms in a framework that uses epistemic states, which encode preferences, as the object of revisions. This makes iterated revision possible and renders explicit the connection
between iterated belief change and the axiom of recovery. We provide a representation theorem that connects the semantic conditions
we impose on iterated revision and our additional syntactical properties. We show interesting similarities between our framework
and that of Darwiche–Pearl (Artificial Intelligence 89:1–29 1997). In particular, we show that intuitions underlying the controversial (C2) postulate are captured by the recovery axiom and
our recovery-like postulates (the latter can be seen as weakenings of (C2)). We present postulates for contraction, in the
same spirit as the Darwiche–Pearl postulates for revision, and provide a theorem that connects our syntactic postulates with
a set of semantic conditions. Lastly, we show a connection between the contraction postulates and a generalisation of the
recovery axiom.
Portions of this paper were originally presented at ECAI 2002. 相似文献
109.
Katharina Ereky‐Stevens 《Infant and child development》2008,17(5):527-543
This study investigated associations between mother–infant interactions and children's subsequent understanding of mind and emotion. Mothers' tendency to comment on their infants' internal world and their general sensitivity to their infants' internal states were measured through coded play interactions at 10 months. The latter measurement included ratings on four aspects of maternal behaviour: mindful facilitation, joint attention commenting, pacing, and affect catching. In contrast to mothers' internal state language, these behaviours did not tap mothers' explicit linguistic representation of their infants' mental states. At 54 months, children's understanding of mind and emotion was measured through a range of false‐belief tasks and an emotion‐understanding task. Multivariate analysis revealed direct positive links between mothers' sensitivity to their infants' internal states and children's later understanding of mind. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
110.
One hundred participants completed a News Coverage Questionnaire concerning personal memories of where they were, what they were doing and who they were with when footage of dramatic news events was first shown on television, as well as asking them to recall details of the footage itself. These news items included four events that are known to have been captured on film and one item concerning non-existent footage of the bombing of a nightclub in Bali. Overall, 36% of respondents reported false memories of the alleged footage of the Bali bombing. Participants reporting false memories were found to score significantly higher than those who did not report such memories on the Australian Sheep–Goat Scale, on various subscales of the Anomalous Experiences Inventory (Belief, Experience and Ability) and on the Dissociative Experiences Scale, supporting the hypothesis that believers in the paranormal may be more susceptible to false memories than non-believers. 相似文献