How do employees react to leaders’ unethical behavior? The role of moral disengagement

Concerns over unethical leader behavior persist in today's workplace. Although some employees continue to support their leaders after learning of their unethical actions, others do not. In this paper, we integrate social cognitive theory with social information processing theory to propose that the support employees give to leaders who act unethically hinges on their propensity to morally disengage. Specifically, we develop a conditional indirect effects model, wherein moral disengagement propensity mitigates the negative impact of unethical leader behavior on leader-directed support via employees’ perceptions of value congruence with and trust in the leader. The sum result is an improved understanding of when and why employees offer support to versus withhold support from leaders who act in ethically questionable ways.     

汉字阅读中语音的通达与表征(Ⅰ)──字水平与亚字水平的语音及其交互作用

该文探讨了汉字语音激活的多层次性、普遍性、整字与声旁语音激活资源之间的交互作用等问题。以启动一命名为实验范式,结果表明：在汉字加工早期,汉字的语音得到了显著激活,而且这一激活发生在整字和声旁两个水平、高频和低频两种汉字中;整字与声旁的语音激活存在交互作用,而该交互作用受到整字与声旁的相对频率的影响。根据实验结果,该文提出：汉字整字和声旁的语音激活之间遵循“整字优先”和“高频优先”的原则交互作用。     

罗尔斯代际正义思想及其意蕴

罗尔斯的代际正义思想作为他的正义理论的重要组成部分,体现了对传统正义观的超越与发展,为人类可持续发展所进行的国际合作和国内法律、政策的制定提供了有力的理论支撑和评价标准。     

CONTINGENCY IN PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY: A CRITIQUE OF THE THEOLOGY OF WOLFHART PANNENBERG

Abstract. The concept of contingency serves to bridge the doctrine of creation and natural science in Wolfhart Pannenberg's theology. My paper first analyzes the relation of creatio ex nihilo and creatio continua. Next I suggest three categories of contingency: global, local, and nomological. Under each category I assess Pannenberg's use of physics, cosmology, and philosophy of science. Although I agree with Pannenberg's emphasis on continuous creation and on the role of science in renewing the doctrine of creation, I argue for a shift in the discussion from Pannenberg's topics to others, such as the anthropic principle, quantum physics, and thermodynamics.     

BARROW AND TIPLER'S ANTHROPIC COSMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE

Abstract. John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler's recently published Anthropic Cosmological Principle is an encyclopedic defense of melioristic evolutionary cosmology. They review the history of the idea from ancient times to the present, and defend both a "weak" version, and two "strong" versions of the anthropic principle. I argue the weak version of the anthropic principle is true and important, but that neither of the two strong versions are well grounded in fact. Their "final" anthropic principle is a revision of Teilhard de Chardin's evolutionary cosmology. They rectify Teilhard's factual errors but commit even more serious psychological and religious errors of their own.     

Quantitative studies of reinforcement relativity

Three experiments examined an application of the matching law to the area of reinforcement relativity. In Experiment I, rats ran in a wheel and drank a sucrose solution. Equations derived from the matching law made fairly accurate predictions of the amounts of time spent running and drinking when licks and wheel revolutions had to occur in fixed proportions. In Experiment II, rats were required to spend four times as much time drinking as running, but the absolute durations of the cycles of drinking and running were varied. Except for the shortest cycle size tested, durations were close to those predicted. Experiments III investigated a tendency for obtained durations of running and drinking to be slightly longer than predicted. Simply shortening the periods when these behaviors were available increased their values. It was concluded that the matching law equations provided reasonably accurate predictions in some experiments, but changes in motivation set the limits of such accuracy.     

项目在不同间隔时间呈现过程中的系列位置效应

以中国汉字为材料,考察不同中数比率（０．６,０．８和１．０）时,系列位置曲线不同部分性质的分化,结果说明,系列位置曲线不同部分的性质,是项目间隔时间和其时间变化的中数比率共同作用的结果,发现项目间隔时间变化中数比率所起作用更大,在项目呈现时间相同时,项目隔间的时间长短,决定项目之间的辨别程度,也影响到对项目正确提取的百分数。     

A weighted procrustes criterion

The Procrustes criterion is a common measure for the distance between two matricesX andY, and can be interpreted as the sum of squares of the Euclidean distances between their respective column vectors. Often a weighted Procrustes criterion, using, for example, a weighted sum of the squared distances between the column vectors, is called for. This paper describes and analyzes the performance of an algorithm for rotating a matrixX such that the column-weighted Procrustes distance toY is minimized. The problem of rotatingX intoY such that an aggregate measure of Tucker's coefficient of congruence is maximized is also discussed.We wish to thank Richard A. Harshman and C. F. Jeff Wu for valuable discussions in the early stages of this work. We would also like to thank Jos ten Berge, John Gower, and the Editor, Associate Editor, and referees whose comments and suggestions greatly improved this paper.     

DOES SCIENCE CLARIFY GOD'S RELATION TO THE WORLD?

Abstract. Central to the work of Arthur Peacocke on science and religion is the intention to develop a reasonable faith within an intelligible framework of meaning. Showing the inadequacy of reductionism is necessary for this purpose. Knowledge of God is related to what science can tell us about creation. From an evolutionary framework, characterized as a delicate balance that issued in humans, and manifested through contingency and chance, God's actions are expressed as exploring the potentialities of creation. The creation is understood to be in God, but God is more than the world, as in panentheism. God suffers with the creation in love, and the focus of human meaning is expressed in Jesus Christ, the Incarnation, the sacrament of God.     

Congruence couple therapy for alcohol use and gambling disorders with comorbidities (part I): Outcomes from a randomized controlled trial

A nonblinded randomized trial was conducted at two Canadian provincial outpatient addiction clinics that tested the effectiveness of a systemic congruence couple therapy (CCT) versus individual-based treatment-as-usual (TAU) on nine clinical outcomes: (1) primary outcomes—alcohol use and gambling, psychiatric symptoms, and couple adjustment; (2) secondary outcomes—emotion regulation, substance use, depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and life stress. Data of primary clients and partners (N = 46) were analyzed longitudinally across baseline, posttreatment (5 months), and follow-up (8 months). Alcohol use disorder (95%) and gambling disorder (5%) were in the severe range at baseline, and co-addiction was 27%. Psychiatric comorbidity was 100%, and 18% of couples were jointly addicted. Between-group comparison favored CCT in primary outcomes with medium-to-large effect sizes (Cohen's h = 0.74–1.44). Secondary outcomes were also significantly stronger for CCT (Cohen's h = 0.27–1.53). Within-group, for all primary outcomes, a significant proportion of symptomatic CCT clients and partners improved, converging with ANOVA results of large effect sizes (0.14–0.29). All secondary outcomes improved significantly in CCT with large effect sizes (0.14–0.50). TAU showed significant within-group improvement in alcohol use, other substance use, and life stress with large effect sizes (0.16–0.40). Primary clients and partners made largely equivalent improvement within CCT and within TAU. Results were triangulated with clients' satisfaction ratings and counselors' reports. Overall, significant within-group effects were detected for CCT both clinically and statistically and between-group difference favored CCT. Future trials are required to validate these promising findings.