不同学习自控力的初中生在成败中的表现

该研究用实验的方法,探讨了不同学习自控力的初中学生在成败的情景中的表现。目的是想了解成功与失败对不同的自控水平产生什么样的影响;结果是：(1)在成功的条件下,反应的正确率比较高;而在失败的情景中,正确率就比较低;它表明：成功使人沉着冷静,反应的正确率就比较高。然而,这种短暂的失败并没有使人气馁,反而使他更想成功;所以,期望值还不低。(2)自控力高的被试期望值高于自控力低的被试,说明在具体的活动中,其结果并不能简单地、直接地影响一个人的自控力;相反,自控力的高低会对活动的进程与结果起调节作用。     

Spontaneous versus Controlled Influences of Stimulus-Based Affect on Choice Behavior

This article identifies two routes through which affect and cognitions arising from a stimulus can influence choices: a “lower order” route, where choices are influenced through automatic affective processes, and a “higher order” route, where choices are influenced through more controlled affective or consequence-related cognitive processes. Across three experiments the extent of deliberation, mental preoccupation, and the nature of exposure to the stimuli were manipulated to identify conditions under which lower order affect, higher order affect, or higher order cognitions impact choices. Respondents chose between two alternatives: one that was associated with more intense positive affect but less favorable cognitions (e.g., chocolate cake), and one that was associated with less intense positive affect but more favorable cognitions (e.g., fruit salad). Findings suggest that when the individual makes the decision quickly and is mentally preoccupied while making the decision, choices are driven by lower order affect. When the individual deliberates on the decision without being mentally preoccupied and the affect-laden option is in full view while the decision is being deliberated upon, choices are driven by higher order affect. In both cases, the affect-laden option (e.g. chocolate cake) is selected. In all other situations, choices are driven by higher order consequence-related cognitions and the alternative that is superior on the cognitive dimension (e.g. fruit salad) is selected. It is suggested that the effects of affective reactions on choice occur through the activation of appetitive (i.e., gratification-seeking) goals.     

人的全面发展学说与中国马克思主义

人的全面发展学说,对中国马克思主义理论来说,主要涉及三方面问题。首先,如何认识人道主义和马克思主义的关系,即两者是对立的还是相容的,不同的看法,意味着人的全面发展是否具有马克思主义基本原理的地位。其次,如何认识自我的社会本质和具体存在的关系,以往是注重社会本质而忽略具体存在,突出表现在把人的本质归结为阶级性,由此人的全面发展失去了理论的立足点。再次,如何认识个人发展和社会发展的关系,过去把集体主义和个人主义的对立绝对化,出现了类似空想社会主义的片面性,即只强调个人是服务于集体的工具,不能将个人发展和社会发展看作是互为目的和手段。中国近20多年来,两次讨论人的全面发展问题,对此前的失误有所克服。     

儿童自我控制研究述评

儿童自我控制指的是儿童对优势反应的抑制和劣势反应的唤起的能力.文章概述了近年来国外该领域研究的一些主要成果及研究动态,包括自控涵义上的争论、早期发生的认知基础及其表现、稳定性与性别差异上的表现、注意及语言与自控的关系、父母抚养方式对自控形成的影响等.最后,对该领域未来的发展趋势作了展望.     

感恩对自我控制的影响

过去的研究表明感恩能减弱时间贴现,但是并不清楚这种现象是受对未来结果的考虑影响还是受与自我控制关系更密切的对即时结果的考虑影响。本文通过两个研究从特质和状态两个层面考察了感恩与自我控制之间的关系。研究一发现,感恩特质与自我控制特质存在显著的正相关,并且这种相关在控制了一般积极情感特质之后仍然显著。研究二发现,状态性感恩情绪启动补偿了自我损耗,并提升了状态性自我控制。本文对该发现进行了讨论并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Choosing goals that express the true self: A novel mechanism of the effect of self-control on goal attainment

Why is trait self-control associated with successful goal progress? Existing research has attempted to answer this question by focusing on individual differences in the process of goal pursuit. Herein, we propose and test a novel mechanism suggesting that self-control facilitates goal attainment not only by affecting the process of goal pursuit but also the type of goals people select in the first place. Three studies showed that high (vs. low) self-control individuals are more likely to report successful goal attainment and this association was mediated by their tendency to select the goals that reflect their true/authentic self. These results were obtained using cross-sectional and longitudinal designs and were robust against controlling for previously established mechanisms of the effect of trait self-control on goal attainment (habit strength, experiences of goal-conflicting desires). Overall, there findings contribute to the literatures on self-regulation, authenticity and goal management.     

The negative feedback dysregulation effect: losses of motor control in response to negative feedback

Negative feedback has paradoxical features to it. This form of feedback can have informational value under some circumstances, but it can also threaten the ego, potentially upsetting behaviour as a result. To investigate possible consequences of the latter type, two experiments (total N?=?159) presented positive or negative feedback within a sequence-prediction task that could not be solved. Following feedback, participants had to control their behaviours as effectively as possible in a motor control task. Relative to positive feedback, negative feedback undermined control in a manner suggesting emotional upset (Experiment 1). These reactions lasted for at least three seconds and were especially pronounced among people reporting that they typically lose control in the context of their negative emotions (Experiment 2). The findings document a novel form of behavioural dysregulation that occurs in response to negative feedback while also highlighting the utility of motor control perspectives on self-control.     

羞耻情绪对欺骗行为的影响：自我控制的作用

本文通过4个实验考察羞耻情绪对欺骗行为的影响, 并进一步探讨这一影响存在的条件及其机制。实验1考察羞耻情绪对欺骗的影响, 结果发现羞耻组的欺骗行为和欺骗倾向显著低于控制组。实验2将羞耻分为道德失范和能力不足两种情景, 考察羞耻对欺骗产生影响的条件, 结果发现, 道德失范羞耻组的欺骗行为显著低于能力不足羞耻组和控制组。实验3a考察道德失范所引发的羞耻对自我控制资源的影响, 结果发现, 羞耻情绪诱发组的自我控制任务成绩显著高于未诱发组。实验3b考察自我控制资源在羞耻情绪影响欺骗行为中的作用, 结果发现, 自我控制资源在羞耻情绪影响欺骗的过程中起完全中介作用。这些研究结果表明, 当个体的羞耻情绪由道德失范而诱发时, 会遏制其欺骗行为的产生; 羞耻情绪对欺骗行为的影响机制可能是: 感受到羞耻的个体, 为恢复和保护受损的道德自我, 通过调集更多自我控制资源的方法影响欺骗行为的出现。     

初中生心理资本与学业成就的关系:自我控制的中介效应与感恩的调节效应

该研究探讨了初中生心理资本与学业成就的关系,并提出一个有调节的中介模型,考察自我控制的中介效应和感恩对该效应的调节效应。研究采用问卷调查的方式,对1208名初中生进行了研究,研究工具包括心理资本量表、学业成就问卷、自我控制量表、感恩量表。结果表明：（1）心理资本既可以直接预测初中生的学业成就,也可以通过自我控制间接预测学业成就,即自我控制在心理资本与学业成就间起部分中介作用。（2）心理资本通过自我控制对初中生的学业成就所起的间接效应受感恩的调节,且这种间接效应在高感恩水平的初中生中更显著。研究的发现对提高初中生的学业成就具有重要的理论和参考价值。     

Can faith move mountains? How implicit theories about willpower moderate the adverse effect of daily emotional dissonance on ego-depletion at work and its spillover to the home-domain

Recent findings have demonstrated that implicit theories about willpower (the belief whether willpower relies on a limited vs. nonlimited resource) moderate the ego-depletion-effect. This study examines this moderating mechanism in occupational settings where employees increasingly have to deal with the unpleasant state of emotional dissonance, which requires the exertion of volitional self-control. By integrating findings on implicit theories about willpower, arguments brought up by the strength model of self-control, and notions from the spillover literature, we propose that believing in a nonlimited resource theory of willpower buffers the effect of emotional dissonance on ego-depletion at work and diminishes the spillover of ego-depletion from the work- to the home-domain. In a diary study covering 10 working days (N = 71), we examine a moderated mediation model in which ego-depletion at work mediates the relation between emotional dissonance and ego-depletion at home and analyse whether implicit theories about willpower moderate both paths (a and b) of the proposed mediation model. Our results provide support for the mediation hypothesis and show that endorsing a nonlimited resource theory buffers the effect of emotional dissonance on ego-depletion at work, thereby disrupting the indirect effect of emotional dissonance on ego-depletion at home. Subsequently, we discuss implications of holding a nonlimited resource theory.