现代社会中医患沟通视野下的医学涵义

现代社会派生出许多新生事物,对医学与医疗影响深远。其中,医患沟通作为当今中国医学界高度重视的新概念与新行为,与现代医学模式相吻合,引发出医患双方的共同目标——健康生存,进而推导出现代医学内涵及定义。     

The normative aspect of signalling and the distinction between performative and constative

The paper outlines an approach to the formal representation of signalling conventions, emphasising the prominent role played therein by a particular type of normative modality. It is then argued that, in terms of inferencing related to this modality, a solution can be given to the task J.L. Austin set but failed to resolve: finding a criterion for distinguishing between what Austin called constatives and performatives. The remainder of the paper indicates the importance of the normative modality in understanding a closely related issue: reasoning about trust in communication scenarios; this, in turn, facilitates a clear formal articulation of the role of a Trusted Third Party in trade communication.     

How Risk is Perceived, Constructed and Interpreted by Clients in Clinical Genetics, and the Effects on Decision Making: Systematic Review

As an individual’s understanding of their genetic risk may influence risk management decisions, it is important to understand the ways in which risk is constructed and interpreted. We systematically reviewed the literature, undertaking a narrative synthesis of 59 studies presenting data on the ways in which individuals perceive, construct and interpret their risk, and the subsequent effects. While most studies assessed perceived risk quantitatively, the combined evidence suggests individuals find risk difficult to accurately quantify, with a tendency to overestimate. Rather than being a stand-alone concept, risk is something lived and experienced and the process of constructing risk is complex and influenced by many factors. While evidence of the effects of perceived risk is limited and inconsistent, there is some evidence to suggest high risk estimations may adversely affect health and lead to inappropriate uptake of medical surveillance and preventative measures by some individuals. A more focused approach to research is needed with greater exploration of the ways in which risk is constructed, along with the development of stronger theoretical models, to facilitate effective and patient-centered counseling strategies.     

Assessing Child and Adolescent Pragmatic Language Competencies: Toward Evidence-Based Assessments

Using language appropriately and effectively in social contexts requires pragmatic language competencies (PLCs). Increasingly, deficits in PLCs are linked to child and adolescent disorders, including autism spectrum, externalizing, and internalizing disorders. As the role of PLCs expands in diagnosis and treatment of developmental psychopathology, psychologists and educators will need to appraise and select clinical and research PLC instruments for use in assessments and/or studies. To assist in this appraisal, 24 PLC instruments, containing 1,082 items, are assessed by addressing four questions: (1) Can PLC domains targeted by assessment items be reliably identified?, (2) What are the core PLC domains that emerge across the 24 instruments?, (3) Do PLC questionnaires and tests assess similar PLC domains?, and (4) Do the instruments achieve content, structural, diagnostic, and ecological validity? Results indicate that test and questionnaire items can be reliably categorized into PLC domains, that PLC domains featured in questionnaires and tests significantly differ, and that PLC instruments need empirical confirmation of their dimensional structure, content validity across all developmental age bands, and ecological validity. Progress in building a better evidence base for PLC assessments should be a priority in future research.     

与医学院实习生谈医患关系

阐述实习医师医患沟通的必要性,培养实习生正确的临床思维程序,规范操作技能。注意医患沟通技巧、言语和体语,建立良好医患关系。加深患者对医生的信任感,杜绝临床实习过程中各种医疗隐患。因而迫切需要解决的问题是如何加强实习医师沟通能力的培养,也是高等医学教育改革的重要课题。     

内科实习医生医患沟通经历的调查分析

实习医生在医院里扮演着特殊角色,既要作为学生在临床实践中学习医学知识,又要作为医生在患者面前从事医疗工作。因此,培养医学生医患沟通能力,引导其建立和谐的医患关系,成为临床带教老师面临的一项严峻而又刻不容缓的任务。本研究针对内科实习医生在医院沟通中的典型案例进行了调查,从而了解实习医生在医患沟通中的经历,以及他们对原因的分析、处理方法及对自身的影响,进而了解实习医生对沟通技能培训的需求。     

上下级沟通对工作应激源-应激的调节作用研究

本研究旨在考察上下级沟通对工作应激源-心理及生理应激的调节作用。研究结果表明:上下级沟通的两个维度及时告知和指导、积极表达对应激源-应激有不稳定的、不强烈的调节作用,既表现为及时告知与指导对工作-家庭冲突与心理应激、对工作负荷-生理应激有缓冲作用(负向作用),也表现为积极表达对工作-家庭冲突-生理应激、及时告知和指导对攻击行为-心理应激有增强作用(正向作用)。