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171.
ObjectiveTo propose a phylogenetic significance to the Moro reflex which remains unexplained since its publication in 1918 because both hands are free at the end of the gesture.MethodAmong the 75 videos of healthy term newborns we have filmed in a research project on antenatal education to parenthood, we describe a sequence that clearly showed the successive movements of the Moro reflex and we report the occurrence of this reflex in the videos that were recorded from Time 0 of birth defined as the moment that lies between the birth of the thorax and the pelvis of the infant.ResultsThe selected sequence showed the following succession of the newborn’s actions: quick extension-adduction of both arms, the orientation of the body, head and eyes towards a human person, and full extension-abduction of both arms with spreading of the fingers, crying and a distressed face. There were 13 Moro reflexes between 2 and 14 s from Time 0 of birth. We found a significant association between the occurrence of the Moro reflex and the placement of the newborn at birth in supine position on the mother’s abdomen (p = 0.002).DiscussionThe quick extension-adduction of both arms which started the sequence may be considered as a startle reflex controlled by the neural fear system and the arm extension-adduction which followed as a Moro reflex. The characteristics of all Moro reflexes were those of ritualization: amplitude, duration, stereotype of the gestures. This evolutionary process turns a physiological behavior, grasping in this case, to a non-verbal communicative behavior whose meaning is a request to be picked up in the arms. The gestures associated with the Moro reflex: crying and orientation of the body, head, and eyes towards a human person, are gestures of intention to communicate which support our hypothesis. The neural mechanism of the Moro reaction probably involves both the fear and the separation-distress systems.ConclusionThis paper proposes for the first time a phylogenetic significance to the Moro reflex: a ritualized behavior of nonverbal communication. Professionals should avoid stimulating the newborns’ fear system by unnecessarily triggering Moro reflexes. Antenatal education should teach parents to respond to the Moro reflexes of their newborn infant by picking her up in their arms with mother talk. 相似文献
172.
Randall L. Gillis 《Cognition & emotion》2017,31(4):645-656
Listeners are exposed to inconsistencies in communication; for example, when speakers’ words (i.e. verbal) are discrepant with their demonstrated emotions (i.e. non-verbal). Such inconsistencies introduce ambiguity, which may render a speaker to be a less credible source of information. Two experiments examined whether children make credibility discriminations based on the consistency of speakers’ affect cues. In Experiment 1, school-age children (7- to 8-year-olds) preferred to solicit information from consistent speakers (e.g. those who provided a negative statement with negative affect), over novel speakers, to a greater extent than they preferred to solicit information from inconsistent speakers (e.g. those who provided a negative statement with positive affect) over novel speakers. Preschoolers (4- to 5-year-olds) did not demonstrate this preference. Experiment 2 showed that school-age children's ratings of speakers were influenced by speakers’ affect consistency when the attribute being judged was related to information acquisition (speakers’ believability, “weird” speech), but not general characteristics (speakers’ friendliness, likeability). Together, findings suggest that school-age children are sensitive to, and use, the congruency of affect cues to determine whether individuals are credible sources of information. 相似文献
173.
目前形势下临床教学问题的探讨与改革 总被引:9,自引:3,他引:6
当前医疗大环境的改变,社会评价的影响及病人的维权、自我保护意识等使临床教学工作发生了很大变化.需要我们采取相应的变革,注重病历的书写,基本功的培训,语言能力的指导和改变查房的方式,以完成培养新一代合格医生的任务. 相似文献
174.
Two studies tested whether people interpreted verbal chance terms in a self‐serving manner. Participants read statements describing the likelihood of events in their own future and in the future of a randomly chosen other. They interpreted the chance terms numerically. Chance terms were interpreted as denoting a higher probability when they were used to describe the likelihood of pleasant events in one's own future than when they were used to describe the likelihood of pleasant events in someone else's future (Study 1). Similarly, chance terms were interpreted as denoting a lower probability when they were used to describe the likelihood of unpleasant events in one's own future than when they were used to describe the likelihood of unpleasant events in someone else's future (Studies 1 and 2). These differences occurred primarily when the risk statements were threatening. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
175.
176.
M Tomasello 《Psychologie Fran?aise》2004,49(2):209-218
Pragmatics is about how individuals use their inventory of semiotic devices, the strategic choices they make, in particular acts of communication. An interesting question is the degree to which other animal species, especially our nearest primate relatives, employ pragmatic strategies in their vocal and gestural communication. Based on a review of the evidence, it is concluded in this essay that primate communication displays almost none of the pragmatic dimensions that characterize human linguistic communication. The most fundamental reason is that nonhuman animal communication does not really take place on the mental or intersubjective plane at all. It is directed at the behavior and emotional states of others, not at their attentional or mental states. 相似文献
177.
青少年异性交往心理问题研究综述 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
异性交往对青少年的成长与发展具有极其积傲的功能:(1)能够促进自我同一感的发展;(2)有利于增进心理健康;(3)有助于增进友谊.并为日后获得成熟爱情积累经验:同时.青少年异性交往存在不少心理问题。并且.对青少年的异性交往仍存在着教育误区.主要表现为不当的教育观念和教育方式,当前.有关青少年异性交往的研究主要集中在:e3q青a少年异性交往的发展阶段、特点、影响因素和教育构想,缺乏对青少年异性交往心理问题的研究,研究领域较为狭窄;理论研究多.实证研究少;缺乏专门、科学的测量工具。 相似文献
178.
论传播伦理学的理论建设 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
传播的基本属性决定了传播的道德属性 ,传播在其过程中深受社会道德的制约 ,因而 ,从理论上探讨传播伦理的性质特点及其与社会道德的关系 ,论述了传播伦理学的内涵、研究对象和任务及学科属性 ,在当今尤显重要。 相似文献
179.
JUAN PABLO JIMANEZ 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2004,85(6):1365-1377
The author worked as a psychoanalyst for 5 years in Germany. In this paper, he attempts to answer the question ‘How was it possible that, in spite of his imperfect knowledge of German, notwithstanding a deepening understanding of the language during his residence in the country, he was able to successfully treat so many patients?’ He starts by putting forward some distinctions between the activity of interpretation as translation of the unconscious with the patient in session and the activity of translation of texts. After a brief exegetic review of the myths of Babel and Pentecost, he suggests that the analyst working in a foreign language moves between ‘the confusion of tongues’ and the ‘gift of tongues’, that is, between Babel and Pentecost. He presents some vignettes to illustrate typical situations he encountered in his practice. Finally, he draws some conclusions from this experience of psychoanalytic polyglotism, mainly on the basis of the communicative function that modern infant research assigns to affect attunement and verbal language. 相似文献
180.