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151.
152.
Moncef Abbas Marc Pirlot Philippe Vincke 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》1996,5(2):81-98
Order structures such as linear orders, weak orders, semiorders and interval orders are often considered as models of a decision maker's preferences. In this paper we introduce and study new order structures characterized by their symmetric part belonging to certain classes of co-comparability graphs. We outline possible interpretations and suggest special representations of these structures and we point out their potential use for approximating relations obtained through a multicriteria aggregation procedure. We provide various characterizations of the new structures (as well as of older ones) in terms of minimal forbidden configurations and by algebraic conditions. 相似文献
153.
Behavioral momentum in computer-presented discriminations in individuals with severe mental retardation
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Behavioral momentum was examined in 2 individuals with severe mental retardation via within-subject manipulations of obtained reinforcer rates. Subjects performed self-paced discrimination problems presented on a touch screen computer monitor. Two different problems, Tasks A and B, alternated in blocks of 15 trials on a multiple schedule. Reinforcers were snack foods. The reinforcement schedule for Task A was continuous (fixed-ratio 1) and the schedule for Task B was continuous in some conditions and variable ratio in other conditions. Behavioral momentum was assessed in test sessions by prefeeding, presenting response-independent food, and making available alternatives to the tasks. When the obtained reinforcer rate for Task A was at least twice that for Task B, resistance to change was greater for Task A. When both reinforcer rates and response rates were a pproximately equal for the two tasks, resistance to change was approximately equal. These results are consistent with behavioral momentum effects. They extend previous findings with humans by examining momentum in self-initiated discrete-trial discrimination tasks with ratio schedules, and by isolating relative reinforcer rates as a controlling variable via within-subject manipulations. 相似文献
154.
Turner E 《Science and engineering ethics》2001,7(2):247-260
This paper investigates the relationship between the role that information technology (IT) has played in the development of
women’s employment, the possibility of women having a significant influence on the technology’s development, and the way that
the IT industry perceives women as computer scientists, users and consumers. The industry’s perception of women and men is
investigated through the portrayal of them in computing advertisements. While women are increasingly updating their technological
skills and know-how, and through this process are entering some positions in the workplace traditionally occupied by men,
these achievements are not mirrored in their social and occupational status. The computer industry and higher education have
worryingly low numbers of women, while the possibility of women influencing the development of computer technology is just
emerging in feminist research. This paper argues that, though the IT industry, through their self-regulatory codes, subscribes
to equal treatment of sexes, races and persons with disabilities, the industry nevertheless paints a stereotyped picture of
inequality when portraying men and women in computer advertisements. As long as such a perception of women prevails within
the industry, it will stand as a barrier to women having equal access to computer technology. If advertisements influence
the way society perceives major social constructs and issues, then the computing industry has a social responsibility to portray
men and women in an equal and non-stereotypical fashion.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the ETHICOMP98 Conference, Rotterdam, Holland, March 1998. 相似文献
155.
Novice acquisition of skilled recall of chess positions was studied in an experiment in which two novices studied a series of five hundred chess positions during a period of several months. They spent fifteen minutes to half an hour a day teaching themselves these positions. As a result their skill in recalling chess positions rose from sixteen percent to somewhere between forty to fifty percent. The learning curve proved to have a shape which indicates that in the beginning learning is very fast but after some 100-150 studied positions the speed of learning decreases substantially. A computer simulation was used to model the results and analyse alternative explanations. Two alternative ways of thinking were tested. In the first, chunk construction was assumed to be based on the neighbourhood of associated pieces. The second model assumed a frequency-based correlative association process. Although the learning curves of the two models are very similar in shape to those of the subjects, the frequency-based associative model gave a better explanation for the data. This is why it is natural to suggest that common co-occurrence in addition to easily recognizable chess-specific characteristics, like colour and type of pieces, guide associative processes during chess players' learning of chess-specific chunks. 相似文献
156.
计算机使用中的自我效能感 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
计算机自我效能感(computer self-efficacy,CSE)是自我效能感理论在计算机培训、计算机辅助技术使用等行为活动中的应用。该文综述了CSE对计算机操作的重要影响。该文也在原有CSE分类(一般CSE与特殊CSE)基础上,提出软件CSE与硬件CSE。另外该文也讨论了影响CSE的各个变量以及这些变量间的关系。最后该文指出了CSE的现有研究特点与未来研究取向。 相似文献
157.
An important area in the learning and development of individuals with disabilities is the acquisition of independent, age-appropriate leisure skills. Three adults with autism and mental retardation were taught to access specific Internet sites using backward chaining and most-to-least intrusive prompting. The number of independent steps completed in the task analysis increased following training. 相似文献
158.
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160.
Giang Trinh 《Journal of Consumer Behaviour》2015,14(3):158-164
This paper proposes a new model of consideration set sizes, which relies on a stochastic modelling approach to better understand data patterns. The paper combines the Poisson distribution with the lognormal distribution proposed by Hauser and Wernerfelt (1990) to create the Poisson lognormal (PLN) model of consideration set sizes. An advantage of PLN is that it allows variance within a given individual consumer. This is a crucial factor for brand managers who wish to choose a particular market to promote their brand, as a higher within‐individual variance suggests that there is more chance for a consumer to change their consideration set size, whereas a lower within‐individual variance indicates that a consumer tends to stick to his/her consideration set size. The paper then uses 10 datasets including service, durable and fast‐moving consumer goods across four countries to validate the new model and compare it with the lognormal model. The results show that PLN gives a good fit to these data. It outperforms the lognormal model. The average mean absolute percentage error of the PLN model is 12 per cent, whereas that of the lognormal model is 26 per cent. For managerial implications, the paper proposes a better tool to help brand managers analyse the nature and intensity of competition that is facing their brands. Also, relying on its stochastic element, the proposed model can help brand managers predict future brand consideration by their consumers, as well as evaluate any change in brand consideration, caused by marketing activity such as sales promotion and advertising. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献