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51.
单纯性肾囊肿是临床常见的肾脏疾病之一,临床常采用去顶减压术治疗,但外科治疗的适应证目前尚不统一。除症状性肾囊肿及由囊肿引起尿路梗阻外,对于高血压病合并肾囊肿者,如囊肿直径大于5cm,考虑囊肿有可能对高血压产生影响,因此,有必要采取外科治疗措施;但如果不合并高血压,是否一定需要治疗有待进一步探讨。肾囊肿对肾功能影响目前尚无定论,对于小于60岁的肾囊肿患者其肾功能下降可能与肾脏原发病变有关,应积极查找病因并密切随访。对于肾囊肿Bosniak分型为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、ⅡF型的患者,可以不需要手术治疗,密切随访;对于Ⅲ、Ⅳ型患者,应进行外科手术治疗。 相似文献
52.
53.
Accountability in a computerized society 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Helen Nissenbaum PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(1):25-42
This essay warns of eroding accountability in computerized societies. It argues that assumptions about computing and features
of situations in which computers are produced create barriers to accountability. Drawing on philosophical analyses of moral
blame and responsibility, four barriers are identified: 1) the problem of many hands, 2) the problem of bugs, 3) blaming the
computer, and 4) software ownership without liability. The paper concludes with ideas on how to reverse this trend.
Several people have contributed generously to this work. Michael Davis, Deborah G. Johnson, Arthur Kuflik, Pamela Samuelson,
Debra Satz, Richard De George, Larry May, and Dennis Thompson read drafts and made invaluable suggestions. Reviewers forScience and Engineering Ethics offered thorough and challenging commentary. An earlier version of the paper was presented at The American Philosophical
Association, Eastern Division Meeting, December 1993, where audience comments and questions led to clarification of several
key issues. 相似文献
54.
Professor J. Berleur 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(2):155-165
This paper reviews codes of ethics and codes of conduct from different countries. The differences and similarities between code content and between attitudes are considered. Distinction is drawn between a code of ethics and a code of conduct. Recommendations are made for establishing a common framework for IFIP (International Federation for Information Process) Member or Affiliate Societies. 相似文献
55.
Business ethics and computer ethics: The view from Poland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Prof. Jacek Sojka 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(2):191-200
An Aristotelian approach to understanding and teaching business ethics is presented and defended. The newly emerging field
of computer ethics is also defined in an Aristotelian fashion, and an argument is made that this new field should be called
“information ethics”. It is argued that values have their roots in the life and practices of a community; therefore, morality
cannot be taught by training for a special way of reasoning. Transmission of values and norms occurs through socialization
— the process by which an individual absorbs not only values but also the whole way of life of his or her community. It follows
that business ethics and information ethics can be considered kinds of socialization into a profession: role learning and
acquiring a new self-identification. This way of understanding fields of applied ethics is especially important for their
proper development in Central-Eastern Europe because of endemic factors which are the result of recent political developments
there. 相似文献
56.
The computer revolution and the problem of global ethics 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Professor Krystyna Gorniak-Kocikowska 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(2):177-190
The author agrees with James Moor that computer technology, because it is ‘logically malleable’, is bringing about a genuine
social revolution. Moor compares the computer revolution to the ‘industrial revolution’ of the late 18th and the 19th centuries;
but it is argued here that a better comparison is with the ‘printing press revolution’ that occurred two centuries before
that. Just as the major ethical theories of Bentham and Kant were developed in response to the printing press revolution,
so a new ethical theory is likely to emerge from computer ethics in response to the computer revolution. The newly emerging
field of information ethics, therefore, is much more important than even its founders and advocates believe. 相似文献
57.
Dr. Carl Mitcham 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(2):113-132
Editorial note:The following bibliographic survey of computer ethics is intended as a general introduction useful to guide both preliminary
research and course development. It is the first of a series that Carl Mitcham will be doing on a number of specific discussions
of ethics in science and technology. Future installments are projected on nuclear ethics, engineering ethics, ethics in scientific
research, and biomedical ethics.
With this [book] I issue “a call to arms.” The world needs much more discussion and writing on the social and ethical issues
surrounding computing. I hope readers .... will take up the challenge. 相似文献
58.
John Colwell Clare Grady Sarah Rhaiti 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》1995,5(3):195-206
Playing computer games has become an increasingly popular leisure time activity amongst adolescents, but concerns have been expressed over possible associated consequences. One research area has investigated reasons for playing, and two prior explanations relate it to the functional concepts of ‘electronic friendship’ and ‘self-esteem’. A questionnaire study was conducted among 120 adolescents to obtain information on a number of measures including gratification of needs and self-esteem. Results showed that playing computer games is equally popular with males and females, but males spend more time on it. Positive correlations between playing and items on the needs scales were obtained. In particular males who were heavy players scored highly on the ‘preference to friends’ need, but interestingly they were also likely to see their friends more often outside school, thus providing no support for the theory that computer games are taking the place of normal social interaction. For females there was evidence of a negative relationship between self-esteem and need gratification through playing computer games. However more adolescents spend much more time watching television than playing computer games. These results are discussed in the context of previous research. 相似文献
59.
60.
L Fields B J Adams T Verhave S Newman 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1990,53(3):345-358
A four-member equivalence class (A → B → C → D) can be formed by training AB, BC, and CD. The nodal stimuli, B and C, mediate all of the derivative (transitive and equivalence) relations in the class. The derivative relations AC, CA, BD, and DB are separated by one node, whereas AD and DA are separated by two nodes. How do the number of nodes that separate the stimuli in a derivative relation influence the induction of stimulus control exerted by that relation? Seven college students learned two four-member classes made up of nonsense syllables. After training, all derivative relations were presented repeatedly without informative feedback. Stimulus control exerted by each derivative relation was assessed concurrently. For the 7 subjects, control exerted by the derivative relations increased gradually with repeated presentations. With 6 of the 7 subjects, the one-node relations exerted more control than the two-node relations during the process. However, the disparity between the one- and two-node relations decreased with repeated presentations. Eventually, all derivative relations exerted complete control. The control exerted by derivative relations during induction was inversely related to the number of nodes separating the terms in the derivative relations. These results demonstrate that nodal distance is a determinant of the relatedness of stimuli in equivalence classes. The findings are discussed in terms of remote association, semantic memory networks, and the study of transitive inference. 相似文献