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101.
102.
A perceived event such as a visual stimulus in the external world and a to-be-produced event such as an intentional action
are subserved by event representations. Event representations do not only contain information about present states but also
about past and future states. Here we focus on the role of representing future states in event perception and generation (i.e.,
prospective coding). Relevant theoretical issues and paradigms are discussed. We suggest that the predictive power of the
motor system may be exploited for prospective coding not only in producing but also in perceiving events. Predicting is more
advantageous than simply reacting. Perceptual prediction allows us to select appropriate responses ahead of the realization
of an (anticipated) event and therefore, it is indispensable to flexibly and timely adapt to new situations and thus, successfully
interact with our physical and social environment. 相似文献
103.
采用拟人化配声和对形容词进行性别倾向评定的方法,对小学生对无性别事物的性别编码进行了研究。结果表明:(1)小学生对无性别事物存在着性别编码倾向,而且相当稳定。这种倾向一年级时已经基本形成,传统文化和生活经验会加强这种倾向。(2)小学生对无性别事物的性别编码总体趋势一致,但也存在一定的年级差异。随年级增长,将雌性倾向事物划分为女性的比率在增长,将雄性倾向事物划分为男性的比率也在增长。(3)小学生对无性别事物的性别编码也具有性别差异。男生和女生存在以自身性别为中心的倾向。男生更多地看到中性事物的男性特征,女生更多地注意到中性事物的女性特征。与男生相比,女生性别编码的倾向更强些。 相似文献
104.
105.
Accountability in a computerized society 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Helen Nissenbaum PhD 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(1):25-42
This essay warns of eroding accountability in computerized societies. It argues that assumptions about computing and features
of situations in which computers are produced create barriers to accountability. Drawing on philosophical analyses of moral
blame and responsibility, four barriers are identified: 1) the problem of many hands, 2) the problem of bugs, 3) blaming the
computer, and 4) software ownership without liability. The paper concludes with ideas on how to reverse this trend.
Several people have contributed generously to this work. Michael Davis, Deborah G. Johnson, Arthur Kuflik, Pamela Samuelson,
Debra Satz, Richard De George, Larry May, and Dennis Thompson read drafts and made invaluable suggestions. Reviewers forScience and Engineering Ethics offered thorough and challenging commentary. An earlier version of the paper was presented at The American Philosophical
Association, Eastern Division Meeting, December 1993, where audience comments and questions led to clarification of several
key issues. 相似文献
106.
Professor J. Berleur 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(2):155-165
This paper reviews codes of ethics and codes of conduct from different countries. The differences and similarities between code content and between attitudes are considered. Distinction is drawn between a code of ethics and a code of conduct. Recommendations are made for establishing a common framework for IFIP (International Federation for Information Process) Member or Affiliate Societies. 相似文献
107.
Business ethics and computer ethics: The view from Poland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Prof. Jacek Sojka 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(2):191-200
An Aristotelian approach to understanding and teaching business ethics is presented and defended. The newly emerging field
of computer ethics is also defined in an Aristotelian fashion, and an argument is made that this new field should be called
“information ethics”. It is argued that values have their roots in the life and practices of a community; therefore, morality
cannot be taught by training for a special way of reasoning. Transmission of values and norms occurs through socialization
— the process by which an individual absorbs not only values but also the whole way of life of his or her community. It follows
that business ethics and information ethics can be considered kinds of socialization into a profession: role learning and
acquiring a new self-identification. This way of understanding fields of applied ethics is especially important for their
proper development in Central-Eastern Europe because of endemic factors which are the result of recent political developments
there. 相似文献
108.
The computer revolution and the problem of global ethics 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Professor Krystyna Gorniak-Kocikowska 《Science and engineering ethics》1996,2(2):177-190
The author agrees with James Moor that computer technology, because it is ‘logically malleable’, is bringing about a genuine
social revolution. Moor compares the computer revolution to the ‘industrial revolution’ of the late 18th and the 19th centuries;
but it is argued here that a better comparison is with the ‘printing press revolution’ that occurred two centuries before
that. Just as the major ethical theories of Bentham and Kant were developed in response to the printing press revolution,
so a new ethical theory is likely to emerge from computer ethics in response to the computer revolution. The newly emerging
field of information ethics, therefore, is much more important than even its founders and advocates believe. 相似文献
109.
双作业的信息编码方式对作业绩效的影响 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
采用单作业和双作业操作,探讨了不同信息编码方式对双作业操作绩效的影响。实验结果证明:若采用相同的信息编码方式,同时操作的两种作业就会产生相互干扰,降低双作业操作绩效;相反,若同时操作的两种作业采用不同信息编码方式将有效地减小双作业操作的相互干扰,使双作业操作的绩效得到提高。 相似文献
110.
学习困难学生语义分类编码策略的研究 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
通过对38名学习困难学生与48名学习优秀学生使用语义编码策略的比较研究,发现学习困难学生不能像学习优秀学生那样自觉地在学习的信息加工过程中使用学习策略;学习困难学生不使用学习策略的机械学习成绩与学习优秀学生无显著差异;教育训练有助于学习困难学生将语义编码之类的活动运用于信息加工过程而促进学习。 相似文献