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21.
The paper reports a study of participatory experiences among members of power-based community organizations. A path model of psychological empowerment was tested. Perceived relational characteristics of the community organization were hypothesized as exogenous to participation, perceived organizational power and psychological empowerment. An alternative model was reproduced with the strongest relationships between perceived organizational intimacy and psychological empowerment and an inverse relationship between perceived organizational regulation and perceptions of organizational power. 相似文献
22.
Jiin-huarng Guo Wei-ming Luh 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2020,73(2):316-332
The equality of two group variances is frequently tested in experiments. However, criticisms of null hypothesis statistical testing on means have recently arisen and there is interest in other types of statistical tests of hypotheses, such as superiority/non-inferiority and equivalence. Although these tests have become more common in psychology and social sciences, the corresponding sample size estimation for these tests is rarely discussed, especially when the sampling unit costs are unequal or group sizes are unequal for two groups. Thus, for finding optimal sample size, the present study derived an initial allocation by approximating the percentiles of an F distribution with the percentiles of the standard normal distribution and used the exhaustion algorithm to select the best combination of group sizes, thereby ensuring the resulting power reaches the designated level and is maximal with a minimal total cost. In this manner, optimization of sample size planning is achieved. The proposed sample size determination has a wide range of applications and is efficient in terms of Type I errors and statistical power in simulations. Finally, an illustrative example from a report by the Health Survey for England, 1995–1997, is presented using hypertension data. For ease of application, four R Shiny apps are provided and benchmarks for setting equivalence margins are suggested. 相似文献
23.
Alberto Oya 《Metaphilosophy》2020,51(2-3):303-317
Unamuno saw in his defense of religious faith a response to Nietzsche’s criticisms of the Christian, agapeic way of life. To Nietzsche’s claim that engaging in this way of life is something antinatural and life-denying, insofar as it goes against the (alleged) natural tendency to increase one’s own power, Unamuno responded that an agapeic way of life is precisely a direct expression of this natural tendency. Far from being something that goes against our natural inclinations, Unamuno says, an agapeic way of life is a life-affirming exercise, something we are led to given our own natural condition. Hence, the aim of this essay is to comment on Unamuno’s criticism of Nietzsche and to point out the philosophical relevance of Unamuno’s attempt to provide a natural foundation for religious faith when assessing Nietzsche’s criticisms of the possibility of carrying out a Christian, agapeic way of life. 相似文献
24.
Endre Begby 《Ratio》2020,33(4):295-306
This paper aims to show that the Knowledge Norm of Assertion (KNA) can lead to trouble in certain dialectical contexts. Suppose a person knows that p but does not know that they know that p. They assert p in compliance with the KNA. Their interlocutor responds: ‘but do you know that p?’ It will be shown that the KNA blocks the original asserter from providing any good response to this perfectly natural follow-up question, effectively forcing them to retract p from the conversational scoreboard. This finding is not simply of theoretical interest: I will argue that the KNA would allow the retort ‘but do you know that p?’ to be weaponized in strategic communication, serving as a tool for silencing speakers without having to challenge their testimonial contributions on their own merits. Our analysis can thereby provide a new dimension to the study of epistemic injustice, as well as underscoring the importance of considering the norms governing speech acts also from the point of view of non-ideal social contexts. 相似文献
25.
This study examined the role of verbal instruction preference when learning motor skills by analogy. During skill learning, analogies are a useful tool for providing knowledge about how to move. It has been argued that analogy instructions reduce reliance on verbal information processes during motor planning, compared to traditional forms of instruction (i.e., explicit rules about how to move). This may be reflected by reduced verbal activity in the brain, measured by EEG alpha power at the temporal region, as well as reduced verbal-motor cross-communication (EEG T7-Fz coherence) during the preparation phase of a movement. Preference for using verbal or visual instructions is likely to influence the efficacy of analogy instructions. This study investigated whether preference for verbal instructions was related to a) changes in performance and b) changes in verbal-cognitive information processing during performance of an adapted basketball task after instruction by analogy. Basketball novices with a high preference for verbal instructions (n = 15) showed significantly decreased activation of verbal brain regions when they used the analogy (high-alpha power), but their performance remained stable. Novices with a low preference for verbal instructions (n = 13) did not show a significant decrease in activation of verbal regions, and their performance deteriorated significantly after introduction of the analogy instruction. It is likely that both cognitive and performance changes after analogy instruction depend on personal aspects of information processing, such as verbal preference. 相似文献
26.
采用道德困境判断的CNI(consequence, norm, inaction)模型,通过两个实验考察权力感对道德困境判断的影响。实验1探讨个人权力感对道德困境判断的影响,结果显示高个人权力感显著增加被试对规则的敏感,促使个体做出道义论的道德判断。实验2考察回忆任务启动的权力感对道德困境判断的影响,发现相对于低权力感启动的被试,高权力感启动的被试在进行判断时更关注行为的结果,对规则更不敏感,这说明启动的权力感促进功利主义的道德判断,抑制道义论的道德判断。结果表明,不同类型的权力感对道德困境判断的影响存在差异。 相似文献
27.
28.
Salem DA Reischl TM Gallacher F Randall KW 《American journal of community psychology》2000,28(3):303-324
This study explored the roles of referent power (i.e., influence based on sense of identification) and expert power (i.e., influence based on knowledge and expertise) in Schizophrenics Anonymous (SA), a mutual-help group for persons experiencing a schizophrenia-related illness. The study describes SA participants' experience of referent and expert power with SA members, SA leaders, and with mental health professionals. It also examines whether or not referent and expert power ascribed to fellow SA participants predicts the perceived helpfulness of the group. One hundred fifty-six SA participants were surveyed. Participants reported experiencing higher levels of referent power with fellow SA members and leaders than with mental health professionals. They reported higher levels of expert power for mental health professionals and SA leaders than for SA members. The respondents' ratings of their SA group's helpfulness was significantly correlated with ratings of referent and expert power. Although expert power was the best independent predictor of helpfulness, a significant interaction between referent and expert power indicated that when members reported high referent power, expert power was not related to helpfulness. These results are interpreted to suggest that there are multiple forms of social influence at work in mutual help. 相似文献
29.
The Toulmin diagram layout is very familiar and widely used, particularly in the teaching of critical thinking skills. The
conventional box-and-arrow diagram is equally familiar and widespread. Translation between the two throws up a number of interesting
challenges. Some of these challenges (such as the relationship between Toulmin warrants and their counterparts in traditional
diagrams) represent slightly different ways of looking at old and deep theoretical questions. Others (such as how to allow
Toulmin diagrams to be recursive) are diagrammatic versions of questions that have already been addressed in artificial intelligence
models of argument. But there are further questions (such as the relationships between refutations, rebuttals and undercutters,
and the roles of multiple warrants) that are posed as a specific result of examining the diagram inter-translation problem.
These three classes of problems are discussed. To the first class are addressed solutions based on engineering pragmatism;
to the second class, are addressed solutions drawn from the appropriate literature; and to the third class, fuller exploration
is offered justifying the approaches taken in developing solutions that offer both pragmatic utility and theoretical interest.
Finally, these solutions are explored briefly in the context of the Araucaria system, showing the ways in which analysts can tackle arguments either using one diagrammatic style or another, or even a
combination of the two. 相似文献
30.
Bates BR 《Journal of genetic counseling》2005,14(6):423-434
Critics of genetic discourse are concerned that deterministic and discriminatory views of genetics are increasingly becoming
adopted. These views argue that current genetic discourse becomes a source of power whereby powerful institutions harm people
with so-called “bad” genes. This essay argues that current analyses of the power of genetics discourse are grounded in an
improper reading that disempowers patients. Deploying Michel Foucault's concept “care of the self,” this essay claims that
genetics discourse is better understood as a way that patients take on power through rhetoric rather than a force that has
power over patients. Through a close reading of the “My Family Health Portrait” program, this paper argues that patients experience
a process of “subjection” wherein they become agents of and objects of genetics discourse both. This alternative mode of analyzing
the power of genetics discourse has implications for our collective understanding of the operations of the care of the self
and the uses of genetic information that we propose. 相似文献