State-of-the-Art: The Structure of Argumentation

In this paper, a survey is presented of the main approaches to the structure of argumentation. The paper starts with a historical overview of the distinctions between various types of argument structure. Next, the main definitions given in the various approaches are discussed as well as the methods that are proposed to deal with doubtful cases.     

Regional brain activity during face and word discrimination: simultaneous recording of event-related potentials and positron emission tomography

In order to clarify the brain mechanisms involved in the recognition of faces, words, and figures, spatiotemporal analyses were carried out with event-related potentials (ERPs) and positron emission tomography (PET) in normal subjects. In the first experiment, we analyzed the ERPs of eight normal subjects under a passive habituation paradigm using pictures of faces and letters. In the second experiment, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured using PET was obtained simultaneously with the ERP recordings during a continuous performance task (CPT) in 12 normal subjects. This required the active discrimination of famous people's faces, meaningful words consisting of two Japanese hiragana characters, and simple geometric figures. There were similar deflections in the global field power (GFP) in the first 200 ms of the passive and active tasks, regardless of type of stimuli. This suggests a common time course in the visual information processing mechanisms during the preattentive stage. Mesiotemporal activity, dominant on the right, was seen during the face discrimination task in both the PET results and the ERP topographies. In the word task, activity that was clearly dominant on the left was observed at around a 160 ms latency in the posteriotemporal region of the ERP topography and this again coincided well with the PET data. The spatiotemporal resolution of the analyses was improved by combining PET and topographic ERP studies, and this provided additional neurophysiological information concerning cognitive processing.     

重复启动作业中词的语义透明度的作用

用词素重复启动的方法考察合成词的心理表征。目标刺激为２４个语义透明度词、２４个不透明词以及４８个非词（都是两个字）。启动刺激有５种：（１）目标词本身,（２）目标词的第一词素,（３）目标词的第二词素,（４）由目标词的两个词素颠倒后形成的非词,（５）包含目标词的一个词素的非词。启动刺激的呈现时间是１００毫秒,随后是目标刺激４００毫秒。被试的任务是尽快准确地按键判断目标刺激是否是一个词。研究发现,（２）、（３）、（５）条件下的重复启动中,透明度表现出显著的效应：透明词的启动量显著大于不透明词。结果支持合成词的表征受语义透明度的影响,透明词和不透明词的词素和整词在心理表征中的关系可能不同：前者是一种兴奋性的连接,后者是一种抑制性的连接。     

EMERGENT CONDITIONAL RELATIONS IN A GO/NO‐GO PROCEDURE: FIGURE—GROUND AND STIMULUS‐POSITION COMPOUND RELATIONS

Past research has demonstrated emergent conditional relations using a go/no‐go procedure with pairs of figures displayed side‐by‐side on a computer screen. The present study sought to extend applications of this procedure. In Experiment 1, we evaluated whether emergent conditional relations could be demonstrated when two‐component stimuli were displayed in figure—ground relationships—abstract figures displayed on backgrounds of different colors. Five normally capable adults participated. During training, each two‐component stimulus was presented successively. Responses emitted in the presence of some stimulus pairs (A1B1, A2B2, A3B3, B1C1, B2C2 and B3C3) were reinforced, whereas responses emitted in the presence of other pairs (A1B2, A1B3, A2B1, A2B3, A3B1, A3B2, B1C2, B1C3, B2C1, B2C3, B3C1 and B3C2) were not. During tests, new configurations (AC and CA) were presented, thus emulating structurally the matching‐to‐sample tests employed in typical equivalence studies. All participants showed emergent relations consistent with stimulus equivalence during testing. In Experiment 2, we systematically replicated the procedures with stimulus compounds consisting of four figures (A1, A2, C1 and C2) and two locations (left — B1 and right — B2). All 6 normally capable adults exhibited emergent stimulus—stimulus relations. Together, these experiments show that the go/no‐go procedure is a potentially useful alternative for studying emergent conditional relations when matching‐to‐sample is procedurally cumbersome or impossible to use.     

复合字母刺激心理旋转加工中的整体优先效应

采用复合字母材料结合正镜像判断任务,首次揭示了心理旋转加工中的整体优先效应。实验一延长复合字母材料的呈现时间,检验心理旋转实验常用的正/镜像判断任务中的视知觉整体优先效应;实验二将实验一的复合字母材料旋转一定角度,考察心理旋转加工中的整体优先效应。结果发现：（1）延长复合字母呈现时间后的字母正镜像判断任务中,被试判断大字母和判断小字母的时间没有显著差异,并且大小字母是否一致对大字母判断和小字母判断的影响无显著差异;（2）在排除了视知觉的整体优先效应存在的情况下,发现心理旋转加工中存在明显的整体优先效应,大字母（整体）旋转条件下的反应时显著短于小字母（局部）旋转条件下的反应时;（3）旋转角度一致性对大字母旋转和小字母旋转条件下的反应时均无显著影响,表明心理旋转的整体优先效应模式可能有别于视知觉加工的整体优先效应模式     

不同时间关注点下的空间-时间联合编码效应

摘 要 本研究旨在探讨时间关注特征对空间-时间反应编码联合效应的影响。采用时间关注点量表将有效被试分为关注过去组和关注未来组,进行反应区分实验。实验代表过去或未来的时间词作为启动刺激,要求被试判断的目标刺激是随后出现在屏幕左或右侧的圆点。结果发现,关注过去的个体对“左/过去词”的反应更快,关注未来的个体对“右/未来词”反应更快。表明时间关注点影响人们的空间-时间联合编码效应,不同的时间关注点产生人们对于过去和未来时间在注意分配上的差异,从而表现出不同的空间表征方式,在“左-右”水平轴上验证了时间关注点假设。     

权力对认知的影响：启发式还是分析式？

摘要：权力对信息加工方式的影响成为权力领域研究的新焦点。一般认为,权力使得个体减少对他人和环境的依赖,进而引发简单化的信息加工取向,高权力者常因认知懒惰而采用启发式信息加工策略,然而这与现实情境中高权力者面对复杂的决策环境、做出较好的决策结果的情况不符。事实上,权力既可能产生启发式认知也可能产生分析式认知,但都更受情境的影响。文章从双系统模型的视角对信息加工过程中权力效应的研究进行梳理,并探讨了权力引发不同信息加工方式的调节变量。最后,文章从权力对认知影响的内在机制、角色分配、权力动态变化对认知影响等方面,讨论了现有现有研究的不足,并分析探讨了该领域今后的研究趋势。     

语言标识对情绪体验的影响

本研究通过两个实验考察了语言标识对个体情绪体验的调节作用。实验一探讨了中性标识对不同类型的情绪体验的影响,结果发现与韩文字符标识相比,中性双字词标识时被试对负性图片的消极情绪体验强度显著降低。实验二进一步探讨了不同情绪色彩的词语的标识效应,结果发现与中性标识相比,负性或正性标识时被试对负性图片的消极情绪体验程度更低。结果表明了语言标识对负性情绪体验具有显著的调节作用,并且标识效应的产生依赖于词汇语义信息的通达。     

Goblet Words and Indeterminacy：A Writing Style that Is Free of Commitment

The Zhuangzi is a collection of ancient Chinese anecdotes and fables that serves as a foundational Daoist text. The style in which it is written is significant because it obscures rather than reveals the text’s philosophic positions. If the text cannot be translated into plain language while preserving its content, as the Mozi or the Mencius generally can be, then the writing style is not merely rhetorical. The style is itself indispensable to the content. In this study, I analyse a linguistic device mentioned in the Zhuangzi and use it to reflect the text’s writing style—namely, “goblet words” (zhi yan 巵言). I argue that various logical forms of goblet words defy the act of fixing a definite answer in any conceptual distinction or disputation. The forms, which include dilemmatic questions, oxymora and double denial, all serve to preserve indeterminacy. Reading goblet words may affect readers by making them more open-minded towards distinctions. However, readers cannot ascertain that the text’s authors produced this effect intentionally. Therefore, the text may cause readers to be open-minded while the authors remain free of commitment.     

网络相关文字刺激和压力对网络成瘾者线索诱发渴求的影响

渴求感特别是线索诱发渴求是成瘾行为维持和戒断失败的主要原因。本研究通过两个实验分别探讨了网络相关文字刺激和压力对网络成瘾者线索诱发渴求的影响。研究一以25名网络成瘾大学生为被试,以网络相关和中性词语为实验材料,采用线索暴露范式（Cue-reactivity Paradigm）的研究发现,只有网络相关文字刺激能显著诱发网络成瘾者的渴求感。在此基础上,研究二以40名网络成瘾大学生为被试,以公开演讲范式为压力诱发情境,以网络相关词语和中性词语为实验材料,采用线索暴露范式（Cue-reactivity Paradigm）的研究发现,在压力条件下,网络相关文字能诱发网络成瘾者更为强烈的渴求感。本研究深化了对网络成瘾形成维持心理机制的研究,也为网络成瘾的干预矫正提供了思路。