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41.
在生物心理社会医学模式下,以循证医学为基础的共享型临床决策成为主导.整形外科疾病有着诊断容易、治疗方法多样、效果不一、患者年龄小、心理脆弱、大众认知有一定误区等特点,更需要在情感和实践上体现对患者的理解和尊重,真正实现医生患者共同参与的共事型临床决策. 相似文献
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43.
Ted Peters 《Zygon》2018,53(3):691-710
Did the God of the Bible create a Darwinian world in which violence and suffering (disvalue) are the means by which the good (value) is realized? This is Christopher Southgate's insightful and dramatic formulation of the theodicy problem. In addressing this problem, the Exeter theologian rightly invokes the Theology of the Cross in its second manifestation, that is, we learn from the cross of Jesus Christ that God is present to nonhuman as well as human victims of predation and extinction. God co‐suffers with creatures in their despair, abandonment, physical suffering, and death. What I will add with more force than Southgate is this: the Easter resurrection is a prolepsis of the eschatological new creation, and it is God's new creation which retroactively determines past creation. Although this does not eliminate the theodicy question, it lessens its moral sting. 相似文献
44.
Sam Duncan 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2013,21(5):973-991
Kant proclaimed that all theodicies must fail in ‘On the Miscarriage of All Philosophical Trials in Theodicy’, but it is mysterious why he did so since he had developed a theodicy of his own during the critical period. In this paper, I offer an explanation of why Kant thought theodicies necessarily fail. In his theodicy, as well as in some of his works in ethics, Kant explained moral evil as resulting from unavoidable limitations in human beings. God could not create finite beings without such limitations and so could not have created humans that were not prone to committing immoral acts. However, the work of Carl Christian Eberhard Schmid showed Kant that given his own beliefs about freedom and the nature of responsibility one could not account for moral evil in this way without tacitly denying that human beings were responsible for their actions. This result is significant not only because it explains an otherwise puzzling shift in Kant's philosophy of religion, but also because it shows that the theodicy essay provides powerful evidence that Kant's thinking about moral evil and freedom underwent fundamental shifts between early works such as the Groundwork and later works like the Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason. 相似文献
45.
本实验采用眼动轨迹记录法并结合边界范式(Rayner, 1975),操纵单字词和双字复合词的首字为一致预视或假字预视,考察单字词和复合词预视加工的差异性。另外,通过在中文句子中加入词边界信息——词间阴影,以考察词间阴影对单字词和复合词预视加工的影响。实验结果表明,复合词的预视效应大于单字词,并且词间阴影对单字词和复合词的预视加工均没有显著影响。因此,与印欧语系相比,中文阅读中更大更强的预视效应需从更深层次的语言和认知因素进行探讨。该结果更倾向于支持词切分和词汇识别模型。 相似文献
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47.
Jukka Hyn 《心理与行为研究》2004,2(3):497-504
InthisarticleIsummarizetwolinesofeyemovementresearchthatwehaveconductedoverthepastseveralyearsinFinland.Onelineofre鄄searchdealswithhowcompetentadultreadersi鄄dentifycompoundwordsduringreading.Theotherlineofresearchdealswithhowaspecificreadinggoal(wecallitthereadingperspective)influencesthewayalongexpositorytextisreadandwhatisrememberedofthetext*.Inbothlinesofresearchwehaveappliedtheeyemovementtechniquebyregisteringreaders'eyemovementswhentheyreadsilentlysinglesentencesorlongertextsforcom鄄pr… 相似文献
48.
Japanese bantam hens were trained to discriminate between geometrical figures varying along four integral dimensions. Only
one dimension predicted food: selections of sharp-cornered figures were reinforced, while selections of rounded figures were
not. In experiment 1, hens were subsequently trained to discriminate between nine figure pairs in a simultaneous discrimination
task. Because single pairs contained multiple redundant cues, whereas the relevant dimension was obvious only across stimulus
pairs, the results revealed effects of both generalization and reversal learning. Accordingly, learning speed was enhanced
for later discriminations. Experiment 2 tested the hens’ transfer performance to unknown pairs, following experience of 9
or 18 figure pairs. Four of seven hens showed reliable transfer after experience with 9 figures, but only three showed transfer
after experience with 18 figures, indicating lower transfer with higher number of stimulus pairs learned. In experiment 3,
hens were trained to discriminate 27 figure pairs. Discrimination ratios further decreased and the groups of pairs differed
significantly in their ratios of discrimination. Individual hens’ pecking behaviour was analysed in relation to each dimension
of single figures and in relation to relative differences in the levels of dimensions between paired figures. Hens were shown
to be oriented towards irrelevant information and more towards relational and configurational than elemental and dimensional
aspects. The results are discussed in the biological context of individual recognition in chickens’ dominance hierarchies,
in which we suppose that chickens identify individual flock mates by representation of their visual pattern rather than by
single characteristics.
Received: 18 September 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 December 1998 相似文献
49.
Brightness contrast: a reinterpretation of compound cue and combined cue experiments with pigeons.
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A group of three pigeons was trained on a 4-ply multiple schedule: a green color and a vertical line superimposed upon an achromatic background as positive stimuli, and a red color and a horizontal line on an achromatic background as negative stimuli. The pigeons were tested with the vertical line superimposed upon different achromatic background intensities, then with the vertical line superimposed upon different green background intensities, and finally with the vertical line and its training achromatic backgfound attenuated (and unattenuated) by a neutral density filter. The gradients peaked at the luminance of the achromatic background used during training and at the equivalent luminance for the green background when it was substituted for the achromatic background. The brightness contrast, not the background luminance, was the critical variable as the neutral density filter attenuated both the line and the background equally, leaving brightness contrast unchanged; there was no response decrement to this attenuated stimulus. Two other groups of three pigeons showed that they attended to line orientation as well as to brightness contrast. The brightness contrast hypothesis was extended to explain results of attention experiments and combined cue experiments which have used line stimuli in combinations with different backgrounds. 相似文献
50.
Intraclass correlation and Cronbach's alpha are widely used to describe reliability of tests and measurements. Even with Gaussian
data, exact distributions are known only for compound symmetric covariance (equal variances and equal correlations). Recently,
large sample Gaussian approximations were derived for the distribution functions.
New exact results allow calculating the exact distribution function and other properties of intraclass correlation and Cronbach's
alpha, for Gaussian data with any covariance pattern, not just compound symmetry. Probabilities are computed in terms of the
distribution function of a weighted sum of independent chi-square random variables.
NewF approximations for the distribution functions of intraclass correlation and Cronbach's alpha are much simpler and faster
to compute than the exact forms. Assuming the covariance matrix is known, the approximations typically provide sufficient
accuracy, even with as few as ten observations.
Either the exact or approximate distributions may be used to create confidence intervals around an estimate of reliability.
Monte Carlo simulations led to a number of conclusions. Correctly assuming that the covariance matrix is compound symmetric
leads to accurate confidence intervals, as was expected from previously known results. However, assuming and estimating a
general covariance matrix produces somewhat optimistically narrow confidence intervals with 10 observations. Increasing sample
size to 100 gives essentially unbiased coverage. Incorrectly assuming compound symmetry leads to pessimistically large confidence
intervals, with pessimism increasing with sample size. In contrast, incorrectly assuming general covariance introduces only
a modest optimistic bias in small samples. Hence the new methods seem preferable for creating confidence intervals, except
when compound symmetry definitely holds.
An earlier version of this paper was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. in Biostatistics, and
also summarized in a presentation at the meetings of the Eastern North American Region of the International Biometric Society
in March, 2001.
Kistner's work was supported in part by NIEHS training grant ES07018-24 and NCI program project grant P01 CA47 982-04. She
gratefully acknowledges the inspiration of A. Calandra's “Scoring formulas and probability considerations” (Psychometrika, 6, 1–9). Muller's work supported in part by NCI program project grant P01 CA47 982-04. 相似文献