3～5岁儿童模式认知能力发展的研究

选取北京市10所幼儿园的249名3～5岁儿童为被试,采用概括抽象程度不同的任务对儿童的模式复制和扩展能力进行个别测查。结果表明:(1)儿童早期模式认知能力发展的年龄主效应显著,性别主效应显著,年龄与性别的交互作用显著。(2)儿童模式复制能力在3 5～4 5岁之间发展较为迅速,模式扩展能力在4～5岁之间发展较为迅速。(3)儿童的模式复制能力无显著性别差异,但女孩的模式扩展能力显著高于男孩。(4)儿童的模式复制能力显著高于模式扩展能力,随着年龄的增长它们之间的差距有减小的趋势。(5)随着年龄的增长,儿童在模式复制和模式扩展任务中所犯错误水平在下降。     

对情绪智力概念的探讨

人们对情绪智力研究的兴趣渐起．但围绕情绪智力的基本概念仍存在着一些值得探讨的问题。本文对情绪智力的术语本身、概念内涵和外延以及与非智力因素、社会智力的关系进行了探讨．以冀更好地确立其在心理学中的科学地位,促进这方面理论与实践的研究。     

解释水平对品牌联想和品牌延伸评估的影响

由于人们更加关切与其解释水平相匹配的信息、经验和事物, 解释水平能够系统性地影响人们的判断与决策。本研究将解释水平视为重要的调节变量, 探查它对消费者的品牌联想和品牌延伸评估的可能影响。实验一用于检验来源于个体差异的不同解释水平(高与低)的被试, 对于同一品牌是否产生不同形态(原型性与范例性)的品牌联想以及探查它们之间的相对数量关系。实验二采用2(解释水平：高vs.低)×2(契合类型：原型性契合vs.范例性契合)组内和组间因子混合设计, 用于检验基于时间距离的解释水平是否调节契合类型对品牌延伸评估的影响关系。实验研究结果发现：在接触到品牌名称时, 具有高水平解释倾向的消费者, 将比低水平解释倾向的消费者, 呈现更多的原型性联想; 而具有低水平解释倾向的消费者, 将比高水平解释倾向的消费者, 呈现更多的范例性联想; 在低水平解释条件下, 消费者对范例性契合延伸产品的评估要好于对原型性契合延伸产品的评估; 而在高水平解释条件下, 消费者对原型性契合延伸产品的评估要好于对范例性契合延伸产品的评估。     

医院规模扩大后的医患关系思考

将 3个城市 4所医院 2 0 0 2~ 2 0 0 4年间医院规模扩展前后的床位增加、患者反映及医疗纠纷等情况进行对比分析。 4所医院后床位费、护理费较前均有所增加 ;医患纠纷 4年间平均增长 2 1.8%。医院规模扩大为医院的发展带来机遇的同时也隐含了一些实际问题 ,应尽早作出系统发展规划 ,寻找科学化、和谐化发展的医院管理新路径     

When less is more: Line drawings lead to greater boundary extension than do colour photographs

Is boundary extension (false memory beyond the edges of the view) determined solely by the schematic structure of the view or does the quality of the pictorial information impact this error? To examine this, colour photographs or line-drawings of 12 multi-object scenes (Experiment 1: N=64) and 16 single-object scenes (Experiment 2: N=64) were presented for 14 s each. At test, the same pictures were each rated as being the “same”, “closer-up”, or “farther away” (five-point scale). Although the layout, the scope of the view, the distance of the main objects to the edges, the background space and the gist of the scenes were held constant, line drawings yielded greater boundary extension than did their photographic counterparts for multi-object (Experiment 1) and single-object (Experiment 2) scenes. Results are discussed in the context of the multisource model and its implications for the study of scene perception and memory.     

KNOWING OURSELVES AS EMBODIED,EMBEDDED, AND RELATIONALLY EXTENDED

What does it mean to know oneself, and what is the self that one hopes to know? This article outlines the implications of an embodied understanding of persons and some aspects of the “self” that are generally ignored when thinking about our selves. The Cartesian model of body–soul (or body–mind) dualism reinforces the idea that there is within us a soul, or self, or mind that is our hidden, inner, and real self. Thus, the path to self‐knowledge is introspection. The alternative view is that persons are embodied (entirely physical creatures), embedded (formed by our physical and social environment), and at times extended (cognitively soft‐coupled to artifacts or other persons). This article emphasizes the bodily, active, contextual, relational, often simulated, and sometimes extended nature of the selves that we are, and that we hope to know.     

The Suszko Operator. Part I.

The paper is conceived as a first study on the Suszko operator. The purpose of this paper is to indicate the existence of close relations holding between the properties of the Suszko operator and the structural properties of the model class for various sentential logics. The emphasis is put on generality both of the results and methods of tackling the problems that arise in the theory of this operator. The attempt is made here to develop the theory for non-protoalgebraic logics.     

On the Compositional Extension Problem

A semantics may be compositional and yet partial, in the sense that not all well-formed expressions are assigned meanings by it. Examples come from both natural and formal languages. When can such a semantics be extended to a total one, preserving compositionality? This sort of extension problem was formulated by Hodges, and solved there in a particular case, in which the total extension respects a precise version of the fregean dictum that the meaning of an expression is the contribution it makes to the meanings of complex phrases of which it is a part. Hodges' result presupposes the so-called Husserl property, which says roughly that synonymous expressions must have the same category. Here I solve a different version of the compositional extension problem, corresponding to another type of linguistic situation in which we only have a partial semantics, and without assuming the Husserl property. I also briefly compare Hodges' framework for grammars in terms of partial algebras with more familiar ones, going back to Montague, which use many-sorted algebras instead.

     

类似性比较对3～5岁儿童内隐推理的影响

本研究以三个实验探讨了3～5岁儿童词汇学习的内隐推理过程。实验1首先让被试者看一个熟悉物体的标准图片,分别以熟悉的或者不熟悉的名词命名,然后要求从两个选项中选择一个图片与标准图片匹配。结果表明3～4岁儿童可以不熟悉名词完成词汇扩展作业,但是只有5岁儿童可以熟悉名词完成词汇扩展作业,这表明5岁儿童可能有一个内隐推理加工过程。实验2以不熟悉物体作为标准图片,以熟悉名词与指代词分别作为指导语进一步测试5岁儿童的内隐推理过程,结果表明这个年龄阶段儿童的类概念形成有一种自上而下加工的内隐推理过程。实验3呈现基本概念的图片检验什么因素影响3～5岁儿童词汇学习的内隐推理过程,结果表明在类似性比较条件下与3～4岁儿童相比,5岁儿童更加明显地表现了内隐推理的加工过程。最后以类似性理论讨论了本研究的结果。