Scale freeness in factor analysis

The notion of scale freeness does not seem to have been well understood in the factor analytic literature. It has been believed that if the loss function that is minimized to obtain estimates of the parameters in the factor model is scale invariant, then the estimates are scale free. It is shown that scale invariance of the loss function is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for scale freeness. A theorem that ensures scale freeness in the orthogonal factor model is given in this paper.The authors are grateful for the suggestions of the referees.     

Redundancy analysis an alternative for canonical correlation analysis

A component method is presented maximizing Stewart and Love's redundancy index. Relationships with multiple correlation and principal component analysis are pointed out and a rotational procedure for obtaining bi-orthogonal variates is given. An elaborate example comparing canonical correlation analysis and redundancy analysis on artificial data is presented.A Fortran IV program for the method of redundancy analysis described in this paper can be obtained from the author upon request.     

On testing the equality of proportions in the paired case with incomplete data

The problem of testing two correlated proportions with incomplete data is considered by means of Monte Carlo simulations studies. A test proposed in this paper, which can be regarded as a generalization of McNemar's test, is recommended in all cases with incomplete data and not too small samples.     

《易经》:人类科学思维和审美思维方式的精典阐释

一本诞生于五千年前的中国古书《易经》,已经包含着深刻的现代科学数理逻辑原理,且与美学的审美逻辑原理互为支持、互为表里,使这两大类本来被认为水火不相容的领域及其独具的思维方式得到了高度完善统一的阐释。从这样的角度来看《易经》,也许会有助于目前心理学界对思维方式及逻辑问题的研究,拓开一条崭新的思路。     

汉字部件信息数据库的建立──部件和部件组合频率的统计分析

用ＦｏｘＢＡＳＥ语言统计了６７６３个基本汉字集合中的部件和部件组合的频度信息,建立了“部件数据库”和“部件组合数据库”。前者包含５６７个部件;后者包含汉字中实际存在的７５８３个两部件组合。统计结果表明部件和部件组合均呈偏态分布,绝大多数的频率很低。这两个数据库不仅可应用于研究汉字认知中整体和局部的关系、汉字的学习和记忆,而且也可供汉字学的定量研究、中文信息的计算机处理研究参考。     

Points of view analysis revisited: Fitting multidimensional structures to optimal distance components with cluster restrictions on the variables

Points of view analysis (PVA), proposed by Tucker and Messick in 1963, was one of the first methods to deal explicitly with individual differences in multidimensional scaling, but at some point was apparently superceded by the weighted Euclidean model, well-known as the Carroll and Chang INDSCAL model. This paper argues that the idea behind points of view analysis deserves new attention, especially as a technique to analyze group differences. A procedure is proposed that can be viewed as a streamlined, integrated version of the Tucker and Messick Process, which consisted of a number of separate steps. At the same time, our procedure can be regarded as a particularly constrained weighted Euclidean model. While fitting the model, two types of nonlinear data transformations are feasible, either for given dissimilarities, or for variables from which the dissimilarities are derived. Various applications are discussed, where the two types of transformation can be mixed in the same analysis; a quadratic assignment framework is used to evaluate the results.The research of the first author was supported by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW); the research of the second author by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO Grant 560-267-029). An earlier version of this paper was presented at the European Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Leuven, 1989. We wish to thank Willem J. Heiser for his stimulating comments to earlier versions of this paper, and we are grateful to the Editor and anonymous referees for their helpful suggestions.     

A Network Analysis Approach on the Psychological Flexibility/Inflexibility Model

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is purported to work via targeting six interrelated processes summarized as the Psychological Inflexibility/Psychological Flexibility (PI/PF) model. However, the theoretical structure and interconnections of this model have not been sufficiently explored. Lacking are examinations of the interrelations among its components. Network Analysis (NA) can model PI/PF as a system of interconnected variables. We aimed at exploring the role and associations of the PI/PF model’s components using NA in two different samples and sets of scales, and compare its structure across sub-samples. Sample 1 consisted of 501 individuals, who completed an online battery of questionnaires including the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory, and Sample 2 consisted of 428 people, who completed an online set of six ACT measures, each assessing a component of the PI/PF model. NA could not verify the six ACT dimensions as distinct components. Values and Committed Action components were found to be strongly associated and combined in a group in both sets of measures and samples. Interestingly, Acceptance and Defusion were not the most central components as purported in some ACT conceptualizations, whereas Self-as-Context had a key role on both sets of measures and its items were often merged with Present Moment Awareness items. No significant differences were found in the comparison of networks across different subsamples and sets of scales. After combining different sets of scales, the six ACT components could not be completely verified as distinct entities, which might reflect problems with the theoretical model, or with the scales used. All components had critical roles in the model, particularly Self-as-Context, which reflects the need to redirect research towards this understudied construct. Findings point towards considerations of a triflex instead of a hexaflex ACT model.     

现代医学与人文医学的区别联系及走向--二者的融通才是医学发展之未来

现代医学的基本要素是:现代医学实践过程(包括所有内容、技术、手段和途径),实践的主体对象人和掌握与运用现代技术的人.其主要具有以下特征:(1)关于人的现代医学特征;(2)现代医学的人文文化特征;(3)现代医学工作者职业理性特征;(4)现代医学的人文社会化特征等.现代医学和人文医学的融通才是医学发展之未来.提出加大人文医学和医学伦理学的宣传教育力度,建立人文医学学科机制和搭构行业平台,由政府出面制定现代医学领域行业道德规范,医学科学公约,医疗行业行医准则,医疗道德公约等,四是有计划有目的的实践实际内容和真正意义上的融通.     

论中医临证组方的中西医结合趋势

与现代医学相交融的辨证论治方法,形成了中医临证组方的多样化.中医临证组方的中西医结合趋势,不同程度地提高了中医临床辩证的准确性及用药的针对性;在保持中医传统优势的基础上,使其规范化、科学化,必将促进现代中医的发展.