对8─16岁少年儿童认同从众反应原因的研究

个体从众的原因究竟是什么？根据文献,假设有５种原因,以１００名８～１６岁少年儿童为被试进行测试,反应结果证实了这５种原因。然后,要求上述年龄的４００名被试对有关线段长度的和有关道德判断的从众反应情境、就５项原因作主次排序。结果表明：被试认为从众反应原因的主次顺序依次为“多数人更正确”、“表示归属群体”、“为了表示友好”、“为了免受责难”、“图省事不费心”;同时这种总趋势会因被试的年龄不同和从众情境不同表现出不同特点。     

对8─16岁少年儿童认同从众反应原因的研究

个体从众的原因究竟是什么？根据文献,假设有５种原因,以１００名８～１６岁少年儿童为被试进行测试,反应结果证实了这５种原因。然后,要求上述年龄的４００名被试对有关线段长度的和有关道德判断的从众反应情境、就５项原因作主次排序。结果表明：被试认为从众反应原因的主次顺序依次为“多数人更正确”、“表示归属群体”、“为了表示友好”、“为了免受责难”、“图省事不费心”;同时这种总趋势会因被试的年龄不同和从众情境不同表现出不同特点。     

Development and yearning: Cognitive aspects of spiritual development

Spirituality is important to humans but gets little attention in experimental studies of life span cognitive development. One way to integrate such studies is to examine cognitive aspects of spiritual development using complex postformal Piagetian models. Four possible points of interface within postformal models are: developmental stages; elements of emotion and will; multiperson cognition; and forms taken by the processes used. Testable hypotheses are outlined and some possible difficulties to be expected within such research are discussed.     

Devouring and Asphyxia: Symptoms of a Cultural Complex in Present Times1

The article discusses dominance and oppression in society due to cultural complexes filled with collective memories of destructiveness and perpetration, implicit memories which have remained repressed. Individual personal complexes and traumas are intertwined with traumatizing historical circumstances, setting up pairs of perpetrator and victim. The metaphors of devouring and asphyxiation are used to denote interpersonal and group relationships in which feelings of imprisonment, suffocating anxiety and expulsion are predominant, all of which leads to painful projections and introjections, dissociation and suffering. Asphyxiating death symbolizes not only environmental devastation by fire, the pandemic and the plague, but is also seen as a symptom of acute anxiety in modern times. Devouring stands for the annulment of the objectified Other in a patriarchal society best revealed in fratricidal struggles, the oppression of women and, ultimately, wars.     

Evaluating the desirability of meals: an illustrative multiattribute decision analysis procedure to assess portfolios with interdependent items

This paper presents an exploratory study designed to address complex scaling problems in applying value/utility theory to measuring preferences over alternative combinations (or portfolios) of multiattributed items. This application considers meals served to nursing home residents as portfolios of food items and seeks to maximize meal appeal. We consider food interrelation and link single food measurements to overall meal measurements in the process of constructing meal desirability scales. We test the resulting scales to capture one expert's professional judgments and discuss issues raised in this specific application in the context of general portfolio evaluation problems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

图式与句式教学:一个转折复句的教学实验

本研究根据图式理论设计转折复句的教学实验。实验对象是54个小学五年级的学生。研究发现：实验组无论在转折复句的辨认、改正和写作的表现．都明显地优于控制组。其中以改正能力的差异最明显,而且辨认、改正和写作能力的相关系数也很高。     

The construct of the ‘mana personality’ in Jung’s works: a historic-hermeneutic perspective. Part II

This is the second part of an article that tries to provide a framework of understanding of, and a seminal reflection on, a highly interesting yet little explored psychological construct of Jung’s analytical psychology, namely the ‘mana personality’. Here I take into consideration some issues around the ‘saviour complex’, discussed in Jung’s seminar on Nietzsche’s Zarathustra, concerning both the psychological analysis of the individual and the socio-political level related to the collective horizon of the 1930s. Moreover, I consider the continuity of Jung’s analysis of such issues in other works such as ‘Psychology and national problems’ (1936), Symbols of Transformation (1952), and Aion (1950). I finally make some suggestions concerning Jung’s apparent hermeneutic tendency to apply the construct of the mana personality to collective historical phenomena.     

Opening the closed heart: affect-focused clinical work with the victims of early trauma

This paper begins with the understanding that early trauma leads to powerful dissociative defenses which injure the capacity to feel. It further explores ways to restore this capacity through body-centred attention to affect-in-the-moment in the psychoanalytic situation. Using the author’s personal experience while in analysis as well as a case of severe early trauma, he demonstrates the consciousness-killing effect of primitive defenses and shows how body-sensitive techniques hold the promise of restoring the patient’s sense of aliveness and hence, opening the unconscious to those affect-images that are the building blocks of the human imagination. A final section focuses on the neglect of feeling in Jungian psychology and suggests that the “creation of consciousness” which Jung described as his personal myth, is quintessentially a process of emotional transformation – of bringing unconscious suffering into consciousness – as feelings.     

The construct of the ‘mana personality’ in Jung’s works: a historic-hermeneutic perspective. Part I

According to Jung, the ‘mana personality’ represents an archetypal phase of the individuation process of remarkable interest in psychological, hermeneutic and theoretical terms. This figure is characterized by a high initiatic potential that fosters the approximation of the consciousness of the Self. At the same time, it entails a risk of psychic inflation or of ‘similarity to God’. In this article, divided in two parts, I deal with those aspects through a reconstruction of the development of this notion within Jung’s published works, adopting a primarily chronological and, secondarily, thematic approach moving from a textual analysis of relevant passages. In this first part, I consider some passages which deal mainly with the risks of the assimilation of the unconscious in ‘La structure de l’inconscient’ (1916) that preceded the successive proper treatment of the mana personality’s notion presented, and here examined, in ‘The relations between the ego and the unconscious’ (1928). Successively, I take into consideration some further issues related to it discussed by Jung in ‘The structure of the psyche’ (1928/1931), ‘Archaic man’ (1931), and ‘Nietzsche’s Zarathustra’.     

Social genomics: genomic inventions in society. The nature of what's to come

This paper identifies several kinds of intellectual mistakes that proponents of genetic engineering make, in defending their views and characterizing the views of their opponents. Results from research in the social sciences and humanities illuminate the nature of these mistakes. The mistakes themselves play a role in allowing proponents to gather support from other protagonists in the social controversies involving science and technology. Understanding the controversies requires understanding that innovations are components of complex and ill-structured social problems; the "right answer" does not follow from scientific or technological breakthroughs. If the problems are identified correctly, issues of non-economic or non-market values and political and individual rights will need to be addressed.