竞赛压力、注意控制与运动表现关系的理论演进

竞赛压力及其引发的紧张焦虑对运动员的竞技状态有重要影响。注意控制理论(attentional control theory, ACT)从注意控制角度解释焦虑如何影响操作表现。阐述了ACT的历史演变过程和基本假设, 梳理了ACT在运动领域的适用性检验和基于ACT的拓展研究, 引出了ACT的发展理论——运动注意控制理论, 进而分析了其与挑战-威胁生物心理社会模型和自我控制力量模型的整合链接点, 提出了“压力-资源-注意控制整合模型”, 以更好地理解竞赛压力、注意控制与运动表现之间的关系。     

创伤后应激障碍的双重表征理论及其检验

创伤后应激障碍的双重表征理论(dual representation theory of PTSD,DRT)基于多重记忆系统的观点,强调特定加工通路(即视觉加工腹侧通路和背侧通路)在侵入性表象形成和提取中的作用。DRT认为,两类不同性质的竞争性认知任务(即言语任务和视觉空间任务)分别占用特定加工通路的认知资源从而影响创伤信息加工和创伤记忆再巩固;工作记忆模型(working memory model,WMM)则强调竞争性认知任务对整体认知资源的占用。目前,DRT和WMM均得到了一些研究的支持。未来的研究应考虑个体的工作记忆能力;开展更多干预研究,并尝试改进研究方法,以及设计与文化相符、更加生活化的竞争性认知任务。此外,在加强模拟干预研究的同时也要增加临床应用研究,适当开展真实创伤情境的干预研究,还要加强相关信息加工能力训练的研究。     

认知负荷和项目竞争强度对大学生提取诱发遗忘的影响

采用提取练习范式与逐试次刷新任务相结合的双任务对96名大学生进行测试,通过考察认知负荷和项目竞争强度对提取诱发遗忘(RIF)的影响,以澄清RIF的产生机制。结果发现:相对于高、低认知负荷组大学生而言,控制组大学生在高项目竞争强度下诱发出显著的RIF,在低项目竞争强度下则未诱发出显著的RIF。结果表明:控制组大学生在汉语类别-样例词对中产生的RIF是由需要认知资源的控制性抑制加工产生的,这种RIF比拼音类别-样例词对中的RIF需要更多的认知资源,且未受相关代价与效益问题影响。     

关于心理表象训练新程序的探讨

本论文对日本新近开发的心理表象训练程序(简称MITP)进行了概要的介绍,并在此基础上分析讨论了有关表象训练的理论问题,认为动觉表象、视觉表象和想象表象的有机结合运用是提高心理训练效果的良好途径,但如何提高练习者的表象机能水平(如表象的清晰准确性、鲜明生动性以及对表象的操作控制能力等)则是表象训练所面临的最大难题。     

OVERVIEW OF SUPPORTED EMPLOYMENT

This article traces the emergence of supported employment as a result of philosophical changes in expectations for persons with disabilities, based on scientific developments that challenged traditional service-delivery models. Supported employment program characteristics also are reviewed, and the influence of applied behavior analysis is outlined. Finally, areas for future research in supported employment are discussed.     

运动竞赛状态焦虑量表（CSAI—2问卷）中国常模的修订

该量表是由美国伊利诺斯大学的马腾斯等人（１９９０）以多维的竞赛状态焦虑理论为指导而编制成的．我们在全国二十七个省市各级各类及各种项目的运动队中随机抽取了２,０９９名被试,按照优秀运动员（男、女）,中学（中专）文化程度（男、女）与大学（大专）文化程度（男、女）的样组修订出了中国的六个常模,还修订出６个分项目的常模,共１２个．同时,进行了效度和信度检验。本量表可以用于现场测试运动员（包括业余的、专业的和学生运动员）在进行运动竞赛时的焦虑水平。     

合作意识的认知成份分析

本研究以 2× 2× 2的混合设计 ,采用问卷测量方法检验不同被试间合作意识的认知差异。被试来自两个群体 :青年组包括 133名大学生 ;老年组包括 110名 40— 6 0岁的各业人士。结果验证了实验假设 ,发现人们对合作意识与竞争意识的认知存在差异。在能力维度上 ,人们认为具有竞争意识的人能力更强 ;在个性维度上 ,具有合作意识的人比具有竞争意识的人更加顺从。人们的工作价值观与他们对他人的评价存在显著相关。     

推理判断中双重加工过程的协作与转换机制

推理判断中双重加工理论的发展经历了不同发展阶段, 早期主要对两个加工过程的定义及特征的关注, 当前转向对两者间的协作及转换机制的研究。本研究梳理了双重加工过程协作及转换机制的代表性模型及其相关实验支持证据, 综合归纳为以下三类模型：序列加工模型(Serial processing model)、平行竞争模型(Parallel competitive model)以及混合模型(Hybrid model), 并比较和论述了三类模型在两个加工过程的转换和协作机制、冲突探查的加工机制、偏差反应的解释机制上的异同, 以及三类模型各自面临的问题。     

The Dark Triad and competitive psychological climate at work: A model of reciprocal relationships in dependence of age and organization change

ABSTRACT

Integrating an interactionist model of personality development, the cumulative continuity model of personality development, and selection–evocation–manipulation theory, the present study analysed reciprocal relations of the Dark Triad common core and its sub-traits of narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism with competitive psychological climate. Moreover, within a large (N = 1,185) and longitudinal sample of employees from Germany, latent cross-lagged panel analyses were applied to analyse the moderating roles of age and organization change (i.e., organizational turnover). Overall, results revealed positive reciprocal relations between the Dark Triad common core, its sub-traits, and competitive psychological climate. The Dark Triad common core and Machiavellianism were more stable within the older (50–59 years) compared to the younger (25–34 years) age group. However, we found no age differences for the relation between competitive psychological climate and change in the Dark Triad common core or its sub-traits. Among employees who changed organizations, the Dark Triad common core, narcissism, and psychopathy were more strongly positively related to the change in competitive psychological climate than in the non-change group. This suggests stronger selection compared to evocation–manipulation effects for individuals with high values in the Dark Triad common core, narcissism, and psychopathy, but not for Machiavellianism.     

When collective memories of victimhood fade: Generational evolution of intergroup attitudes and political aspirations in Belgium

Collective memory theories propose that groups' remembrances of their past depend upon their current social situation. In Belgium, a significant proportion of Dutch speakers share a collective memory of past victimisation by French speakers and fight for an ever‐larger autonomy of their region. Yet, as the respective economic, political and social situations of the linguistic regions of Belgium recently evolved with a reversal of fortunes, the current experience of younger Dutch speakers does not fit the traditional memory anymore. We thus predicted that the collective memories of victimhood would decline amongst them, thus bringing changes in intergroup attitudes and political aspirations. Three generations were compared in a survey of 1226 French‐speaking and 1457 Dutch‐speaking individuals. For both groups, younger generations evidenced less regionalist and more integrative positions than older ones. However, these effects were stronger for Dutch‐speaking respondents, and for them, collective memory of victimhood mediated the relation linking age and identification with Belgium, intergroup attitudes and political aspirations. We concluded that the current social context has decisive consequences for collective remembrances, which, in turn, impact intergroup relations and political attitudes and choices.