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801.
Parents and peer group as mediators of the effect of community structure on adolescent problem behavior 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Ronald L. Simons Christine Johnson Jay Beaman Rand D. Conger Les B. Whitbeck 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(1):145-171
Used a sample of 207 single-parent families residing in 104 small, Midwestern communities to test hypotheses regarding the
link between community context and adolescent conduct problems and psychological distress. For boys, community disadvantage
had a direct affect on psychological distress, while it indirectly boosted the probability of conduct problems by disrupting
parenting and increasing affiliation with deviant peers. Community disadvantage was unrelated to the deviant behavior or emotional
well-being of girls. Proportion of single-parent households in the community had a direct effect on girls' conduct problems.
It also contributed indirectly to girls' conduct problems by increasing the probability of involvement with deviant peers.
Possible explanations for these gender differences are provided.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, November
1994. Work on this project was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (MH48165) and the National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development (HD27724). Journal Paper No. 16629 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economic Experiment
Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 3320. 相似文献
802.
In this self-study of an M.A. program in community psychology, the authors focused on evaluation of training goals related
to the values of collaboration, empowerment, and diversity. Employing quantitative and qualitative methods, the evaluator,
a thesis student in the program, cooperated with a stakeholder committee and other student, staff, and faculty members of
the program to construct the methods and interpret the findings. Although the converging sources of data showed that the program
was meeting its process goals to some extent, several key issues in the culture of training, such as the status of women,
the psychological sense of community, and a supportive learning environment, needed improvement. The authors interpret the
findings in terms of the impact of the university system and patriarchal norms on training in community psychology.
This study is based on the first author's M.A. thesis, which the second author supervised. Judit Alcalde works in health promotion
with the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Community Health Department. She presented an earlier version of this work at
the conference of the Canadian Psychological Association, Calgary, Alberta, June 1991. We are grateful to the thesis committee
members for their support and guidance, to our colleagues for their participation, to Paul Davock, and to the reviewers and
editor for their helpful comments. 相似文献
803.
Barbara J. Thayer-Bacon 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》1996,15(4):333-351
I explore democractic communities using the classroom community as a metaphor. I suggest that democracies do justice to individuals as well as groups, because of the democratic focus on the interconnected, interdependent, interactive relationship that exists between selves and communities. However, the concept of community has problems and contradictions as well. Through the examples of Summerhill and Montessori schools it is easier to see a necessary quality of democratic communities that needs highlighting. That quality is caring. Making the connection between democracy and caring is what this article uniquely offers to the lively discussion on communities and selves. 相似文献
804.
Cohen HL 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1994,61(2):295-306
Health in Housing initiated a behavioral program of education and skills training for children and adults in a community of 30,000 persons living in substandard conditions in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. To measure achievement in the long-range project, 21 families of Flor del Campo participated in a preliminary three-part survey of their (a) health, (b) housing and the environment, and (c) family history. Doctors, designers, and educators worked with Honduran personnel in the first survey. Following functional analyses of the home and surrounding environment and the physical status of the individuals living there, procedures provide the family with treatment and training for home and environment improvement. Graphic, verbal, and numerical data, incorporated into a master computerized system, record events of each family member: training programs experienced, health care delivery courses taken, medical treatments, growth of children, literacy changes, educational courses completed, kinds and amounts of foods eaten, household and building materials purchased. Ongoing functional analysis and a long-range evaluation are made of the progress of each participating individual in a family. Teams revisit each house to observe and record any changes in the physical and environmental facility and the health and life-styles, and to report any indications of new health problems or recurrences. 相似文献
805.
Stephen B. Fawcett Adrienne Paine-Andrews Vincent T. Francisco Jerry A. Schultz Kimber P. Richter Rhonda K. Lewis Ella L. Williams Kari J. Harris Jannette Y. Berkley Jacqueline L. Fisher Christine M. Lopez 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(5):677-697
Models of community empowerment help us understand the process of gaining influence over conditions that matter to people
who share neighborhoods, workplaces, experiences, or concerns. Such frameworks can help improve collaborative partnerships
for community health and development. First, we outline an interactive model of community empowerment that describes reciprocal
influences between personal or group factors and environmental factors in an empowerment process. Second, we describe an iterative
framework for the process of empowerment in community partnerships that includes collaborative planning, community action,
community change, capacity building, and outcomes, and adaptation, renewal, and institutionalization. Third, we outline activities
that are used by community leadership and support organizations to facilitate the process of community empowerment. Fourth,
we present case stories of collaborative partnerships for prevention of substance abuse among adolescents to illustrate selected
enabling activities. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities of facilitating empowerment with collaborative
partnerships for community health and development.
This work was supported by Kansas Health Foundation Grants 9206032B and 9206032A to support and evaluate community partnerships
to prevent adolescent substance abuse. Thanks to Tom Wolff for sharing his wisdom about community coalitions so generously,
and to Bill Berkowitz and anonymous reviewers for thoughtful comments on an earlier version of this manuscrpt. We also thank
our colleagues from the Kansas Health Foundation, Mary K. Campuzano, Steve Coen, and Marni Vliet, and those from collaborating
communities, who continue to teach us about ways to enhance community capacities to address local concerns. 相似文献
806.
Psychometric properties and determinants of Buckner's Neighborhood Cohesion Index (NCI) have previously been reported for
206 individuals from three Washington, DC suburbs. This study analyses the properties and determinants of the scale for 1182
mine workers in Elliot Lake, a remote Canadian single-industry town. Data were collected through in-person interviews. The
scale in the Elliot Lake sample was highly reliable (α=.91) and the Elliot Lake and Washington NCI item-total scale correlations
were similar. Multiple regression found income and education related significantly negatively and years in neighborhood and
home ownership significantly positively to NCI with coefficients comparable to those Buckner found in Washington. However,
additional significant positive predictors of NCI were home equity, length of home ownership, and the presence of both pre-school-age
and school-age children in the home, whereas a significant negative predictor was poor health. The NCI thus appears to be
stable across societies, and shows systematic relationships with background variables. Home equity, duration of home ownership,
children and health were significant predictors of NCI in our larger Canadian sample.
This paper is based on data from the Elliot Lake Tracking Study. We are eager to acknowledge the contribution of our collaborators,
David Leadbeater and Peter Suschnigg, in designing the study and collecting the data. We take full responsibility for our
conclusions. Funding for the study has been provided by the Laurentian University Institute for Northern Ontario Research
and Development, The Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, and the Elliot Lake Job Creation Fund. 相似文献
807.
Leonard A. Jason Renee Taylor Lynne Wagner Jay Holden Joseph R. Ferrari Audrius V. Plioplys Sigita Plioplys David Lipkin Morris Papernik 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(4):557-568
Most of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) epidemiological studies have relied on physicians who refer patients having at
least 6 months of chronic fatigue and other symptoms. However, there are a number of potential problems when using this method
to derive prevalence statistics. For example, some individuals with CFS might not have the economic resources to access medical
care. Other individuals with CFS might be reluctant to use medical personnel, particularly if they have encountered physicians
skeptical of the authenticity of their illness. In addition, physicians that are skeptical of the existence of CFS might not
identify cases. In the present pilot study, a random community sample (N=1,031) was interviewed by telephone in order to identify and comprehensively evaluate individuals with symptoms of CFS and
those who self-report having CFS. Different definitions of CFS were employed, and higher rates (0.2%) of CFS were found than
in previous studies. Methodological benefits in using more rigorous epidemiological methods when estimating CFS prevalence
rates are discussed.
The authors appreciate the generous financial support of the CFIDS Association and Minnan, Inc. We also are grateful for many
helpful suggestions provided by Judith A. Richman, William McCready, Wendell Richmond, and Stephen E. Goldston. Finally, we
are very thankful to the many undergraduate volunteers who helped us complete this study, and they include Cheryl Stenzel,
Georgina DeLa Torre, Vickie Chrisos, Don Banik, Hillary Loeb, Leslie Ramesack, Ellen Diamond, Rob Bleeker, Gib Garza III,
Mindy Silverstein, Kadip Sen, Meredith Lombrazo, Brian Miller, Caroline Marsden, Lorraine Whitmore, Stan Gayot, Karen Costakis,
and Dave Sobotka. 相似文献
808.
Multipurpose senior centers are expanding their services to meet the demands of a growing population. Unfortunately, federal agencies have not matched this expansion with monetary support. Many senior centers hold fund-raisers to supplement their budgets, but the impact of these projects is rarely evaluated. This study assessed the effectiveness of a public posting strategy designed to increase donations to an ongoing fund-raiser for a multipurpose senior center. The fund-raiser, "Coupons for Caring," consisted of senior volunteers clipping grocery coupons from newspapers, sorting them, and attaching them to their respective products in local grocery stores. Grocery store customers were given the option of donating the coupons to the senior center or redeeming them when they purchased the products to which the coupons were attached. In the experimental condition, signs were posted that included visual and written instructions, feedback on the value of coupons donated by customers the previous week, and feedback on the overall amount of money donated to the senior center. The signs were posted near each cashier stand and at the front entrances of the grocery stores in a multiple baseline across grocery stores. The percentage of coupons donated to the senior center increased at each store after the signs were posted. 相似文献
809.
Enrique Gracia Fernando García Gonzalo Musitu 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》1995,5(2):105-119
Theory and research on social support have paid little attention to the existence of important macrosocial variables determining level and content of social relationships. This study examines variations in social integration as a function of social class and residential area characteristics. Results for 234 subjects living in high and low risk neighbourhoods indicated that differences between higher and lower social class groups follow different patterns in different residential areas. Also, same social class position appeared to have different significance as a function of residential area characteristics. The levels of three social integration measures—community integration and satisfaction, community association and participation, and contribution in community organizations—were significantly higher for lower class in low risk neighbourhoods than in high risk ones. However, significant differences were found in only one measure for higher social class groups, with higher levels of community association and participation in high risk neighbourhoods than in low risk ones. The discussion examines a ‘social impoverishment’ hypothesis for high risk environments, and proposes possible protective factors for higher status residents. Relations between formal and informal sources of support, and implications for social intervention strategies are also considered. 相似文献
810.
John E. Puddifoot 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》1995,5(5):357-370
The important research area of community identity has failed to develop a practical means of measurement and comparative analysis. Scrutiny of the research literature suggests that this is in part due to the conceptual difficulties related to community in general, a restrictive emphasis on individual level psychological variables, and a reluctance or inability to proceed beyond exploratory methods of research to fuller field studies. Through a review of the related research in community identity in the UK, and from wider research in the areas of Psychological Sense of Community, Social Cohesion, and Community Satisfaction, a number of underlyin~ dimensions of community identity are identified. 相似文献