Human infants perceive two rods moving in concert behind an occluder as one unitary rod. In four experiments we tested whether
pigeons also perceive unity of objects. Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task to discriminate between one unitary
rod moving at a constant speed and two aligned rods moving together at the same speed. The latter stimulus was identical to
the former except for a gap in the center. In experiment 1, we tested pigeons in probe trials in which a rectangle occluded
the center of the sample rods, to see which comparison stimulus, the unitary rod or the aligned two rods, the subjects would
match to the sample. Two of the three subjects pecked at the two rods significantly more often than at the unitary rod. In
experiment 2, we trained the same pigeons to match the sample rods moving "in front of" the occluder. Pigeons persisted in
matching two separate rods to the unitary rod moving in front of the occluder. In experiments 3 and 4, we used a parallelogram
and an undulating shape as the occluder to alter the shape and the size of the portions above and below the occluder by the
motion of the sample rods. Both subjects chose the two rods significantly more often than chance in experiment 3 and one of
them did so in experiment 4. The results suggest that pigeons do not complete occluded portions even though the two elements
move in concert. These negative results suggest that some alternative way of identifying objects may have evolved in pigeons.
Accepted after revision: 2 May 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
Although the mobilization of pre‐existing networks is crucial in psychosocial resilience in disasters, shared identities can also emerge in the absence of such previous bonds, due to survivors sharing a sense of common fate. Common fate seems to operate in sudden‐impact disasters (e.g., bombings), but to our knowledge, no research has explored social identity processes in “rising‐tide” incidents. We interviewed an opportunity sample of 17 residents of York, United Kingdom, who were involved in the 2015–2016 floods. Using thematic and discourse analysis, we investigated residents' experiences of the floods and the strategic function that invocations of community identities perform. We show how shared community identities emerged (e.g., because of shared problems, shared goals, perceptions of vulnerability, and collapse of previous group boundaries) and show how they acted as a basis of social support (both given and expected). The findings serve to further develop the social identity model of collective psychosocial resilience in rising‐tide disasters. Implications for policy and practice are discussed. 相似文献
Background: Although diabetes is a frequent complication of cystic fibrosis (CF), patients’ behaviours tend not to comply with best practice recommendations. Using Leventhal’s Common-Sense Model, we address this issue by exploring patients’ representations of CF-related diabetes (CFRD) to better understand the discrepancy between patients’ expected and observed health behaviours.
Methods: Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with patients (n = 39) in six CF clinics in Quebec, Canada. These interviews were part of a larger research project on screening and management practices for CFRD.
Results: Illness representations differed between two groups of interviewed patients: (1) one group had either CF without dysglycemia or CF with impaired glucose tolerance; and (2) the other group had CFRD. Both representations were internally consistent and encompassed Leventhal’s five dimensions of illness representation: illness identity, cause, timeline, consequences and control.
Conclusions: Patients require specific information on CFRD. The screening phase could be a crucial time to help patients adjust their representations to fit the reality of CFRD. 相似文献
Two basic styles in psychotherapy integration can be described, in which respectively the assimilative or the accommodative mode of proceeding preponderate. The first is chosen by those who wish to keep a firm grounding in any one theoretical system, into which they incorporate perspectives or practices from other schools, reinterpreted and reformulated in their own terms. The second is favored by those who prefer to practice eclectically, without worrying too much about the contradictions and incompatibilities among the different approaches. The latter therapists can remain at this purely eclectic level, or move on towards a proper integration. In this case the integration does not usually happen on the base of a preferred system, as in theoretical integration, but rather follows the line of the common factors approach. This integration mode has a prevalent accommodative character. It points to a basic structure that is common to the different methods, and becomes clearer the more the relation is freed of the constriction of theoretical models. An attempt is made to show the substantial complementarity and the dialectical relation that links the two fundamental modes of psychotherapy integration. 相似文献
A method of estimating item response theory (IRT) equating coefficients by the common-examinee design with the assumption of the two-parameter logistic model is provided. The method uses the marginal maximum likelihood estimation, in which individual ability parameters in a common-examinee group are numerically integrated out. The abilities of the common examinees are assumed to follow a normal distribution but with an unknown mean and standard deviation on one of the two tests to be equated. The distribution parameters are jointly estimated with the equating coefficients. Further, the asymptotic standard errors of the estimates of the equating coefficients and the parameters for the ability distribution are given. Numerical examples are provided to show the accuracy of the method. 相似文献
Programming common stimuli is a strategy for generalizing behavior across settings (Stokes & Baer, 1977). The present study programmed common stimuli (i.e., goal statement and use of a pictorial icon) to generalize the effects of a reinforcement-based intervention for students identified as either developmentally delayed or emotionally disturbed. Results supported the effectiveness of the strategy in producing generalized responding from training to the generalization setting. The importance of methodological rigor in future research exploring generalization and the need to compare generalization strategies are discussed. 相似文献
Stereokinetic illusions have never been investigated in non-human primates, nor in other mammalian species. These illusions
consist in the perception of a 3D solid object when certain 2D stimuli are rotated slowly in the plane perpendicular to the
line of sight. The ability to perceive the stereokinetic illusion was investigated in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Four adult marmosets were trained to discriminate between a solid cylinder and a solid cone for food reward. Once learning
criterion was reached, the marmosets were tested in sets of eight probe trials in which the two solid objects used at training
were replaced by two rotating 2D stimuli. Only one of these stimuli produced, at least to the human observer, the stereokinetic
illusion corresponding to the solid object previously reinforced. At test, the general behaviour and the total time spent
by the marmosets observing each stimulus were recorded. The subjects stayed longer near the stimulus producing the stereokinetic
illusion corresponding to the solid object reinforced at training than they did near the illusion corresponding to the previously
non-rewarded stimulus. Hence, the common marmosets behaved as if they could perceive stereokinetic illusions. 相似文献
The golden rule, perhaps the most recognizable moral maxim in Western culture, is an inadequate basis for morality. In light of its flaws as a precept and its apparent lack of moral content, it is initially perplexing that the historic Judeo‐Christian tradition has often linked the golden rule with the second greatest command to love one's neighbor as oneself. However, after examining the presuppositions behind this link and investigating the biblical context of these sayings, it is clear that the Judeo‐Christian tradition is justified in making this connection. Although the golden rule and the love command should not be conflated and their distinctions should not be abandoned, the biblical intention of the golden rule can only be understood and properly practiced in connection with the love command. 相似文献