Economic optimization by compromise programming: The joint production model

In a basic microeconomic model (joint production and consumer's utility curves) three key optima appear: the best technological mix, the maximum profit point and the consumer's utility optimum. Compromise analysis can help to clarify their connections. This paper and other recent research attempt to specify the conditions which guarantee that these three optima coincide. Thus compromise programming becomes a valuable surrogate of economic optimization.     

Traction-energy balancing adaptive control with slip optimization for wheeled robots on rough terrain

On rough terrain, excessive wheel slippage is easily generated by changes of surface conditions such as soil types and geometries. It induces considerable loss of wheel traction and battery energy. To prevent this, wheeled robots should consistently recognize the current situation generated between wheel and surface. And also wheeled robots are required to optimally control wheel motion in limited wheel traction and battery capacity. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel wheel control algorithm based on slip optimization of traction and energy, which is adaptive to change of surface condition. Proposed wheel control algorithm is called Traction-Energy Balancing Adaptive Control (TEB) in this paper and TEB assigns optimized rotation speed to each wheel by observing wheel slip ratio which is a key parameter of TEB. As functions of TEB, TEB is largely divided into three main parts; (1) slip optimizer (2) slip controller (3) SC-compensator. In the slip optimizer, two optimal slip models were derived as a function of slip ratios regarding maximum traction and tractive efficiency using experimental data about wheel-terrain interaction in three types of soil (grass, gravel and sand). And the optimal slip models were employed in order to determine a desired slip value of wheel with observation of a change in actual robot velocity as control input in the slip controller. For optimal slip control, the proposed slip controller is based on conventional PID controller with compensating disturbance in the controller (SC-compensator) which occurs by change of surface shapes. In the SC-compensator, radial function networks (RBFN) was applied in the slip controller and RBFN was of help to readjust previously set PID gains depending on occurred slip error. Finally, TEB was experimentally verified by controlling a real robot having four wheels on various terrain types.     

Transformations of mathematical and stimulus functions

Following a pretest, 8 participants who were unfamiliar with algebraic and trigonometric functions received a brief presentation on the rectangular coordinate system. Next, they participated in a computer-interactive matching-to-sample procedure that trained formula-to-formula and formula-to-graph relations. Then, they were exposed to 40 novel formula-to-graph tests and 10 novel graph-to-formula tests. Seven of the 8 participants showed substantial improvement in identifying formula-to-graph relations; however, in the test of novel graph-to-formula relations, participants tended to select equations in their factored form. Next, we manipulated contextual cues in the form of rules regarding mathematical preferences. First, we informed participants that standard forms of equations were preferred over factored forms. In a subsequent test of 10 additional novel graph-to-formula relations, participants shifted their selections to favor equations in their standard form. This preference reversed during 10 more tests when financial reward was made contingent on correct identification of formulas in factored form. Formula preferences and transformation of novel mathematical and stimulus functions are discussed.     

Processing Demands During Movement

Subjects made a speeded stylus movement along a track to a stop and simultaneously performed a simple reaction-time task designed to assess the processing demands of the movement task. Movement task variables were: (a) number of alternative ending positions — either one or two — with the choice executed during movement, and (b) presentation time for the endpoint signals in the two-choice conditions, either prior to movement initiation (immediate) or during movement execution (delay). Processing demands were higher during all movement conditions than in a control condition that did not require movement. Processing demands during execution of the one-and two-choice movement with immediate signals did not differ. However, processing demands during the two-choice movements with delayed signals were higher than demands during the two-choice movement with immediate signals.     

工作场所文明行为：从内隐的自我提升到外显的组织优化

工作场所文明行为是一种在组织文化下, 基于社会和组织角色义务的, 传达礼貌和尊重的主动性行为, 是一种向内要求自我控制, 向外主张尊重传达的行为, 它对于个体自身性格的塑造、组织中人际关系的改善以及文明氛围的培养都具有积极意义。在员工-员工、领导-下属、员工-顾客等关系中, 工作场所文明行为发挥着增进同事情谊、促进合作、增强领导力、建立信任、提升绩效等作用。未来的研究应该进一步厘清工作场所文明行为与不文明行为的关系, 运用动态视角研究它们发生、发展和被感知的机制, 以及这两种行为能否相互转化等问题。     

慢性鼻窦炎治疗中的适宜技术和高新技术的最优化问题

鉴于对慢性鼻窦炎认识的转变和随之发生的治疗手段的改进,遵循循证医学的原则,灵活选用和组合适宜技术与高新技术十分必要,以期达到慢性鼻窦炎治疗的最优化.     

诊疗最优化原则的伦理学探析

讨论了诊疗最优化原则的伦理学意义:它充分体现了医学的宗旨、医学职业道德理想和对患者的无私关爱,有利于纠正医疗卫生行业的时弊,昭示着医疗卫生改革发展的方向.针对实践中遇到的阻力和困惑,作者提出了促进最优化原则实施的五点建议.     

适宜技术与诊疗最优化的可行性研究

在案例分析的基础上,作出了医生是临床诊疗中适宜技术的主要选择者的判断;论证了运用适宜技术实现诊疗最优化的可行性;认为适宜技术难以选择和实施的主要原因是利益关系、责任心不强和管理措施不到位;提出了必须着力培育适合于适宜技术生长的土壤的对策,即:实行政策引导与资金支持、进一步加大监管力度、营造良好的氛围、高度重视并加强医生道德素质的培养.     

食管癌内镜技术最优化原则的思考

随着消化内镜及其配件的不断更新和内镜医师操作技术的进步,消化内镜在食管癌的应用从诊断为主发展到诊断与治疗并重.回顾历史,医疗需求是医学科学进步的强大动力,科学技术进步推动医学的发展,内镜技术的发展促进了食管癌诊断与治疗水平的最优化.     

抽样组合中元素数量对青少年组合成绩的影响

先前抽样组合问题研究表明达到形式运算阶段青少年的抽样组合思维成绩表现并不一致,作者分析猜想可能的原因是组合元素数量增加会降低被试的抽样组合成绩。现在实验考察高中一年级学生的抽样组合思维能力,以组合问题中的总体元素数量和样本元素数量为自变量,设置了五选三、七选三和七选四的三种抽样组合问题条件。实验结果发现,随着总体元素数量和样本元素数量的增加,被试的组合成绩明显下降。这表明,青少年的抽样组合思维能力虽已获得,但随组合元素数量增加而表现出倒退,并没达到成熟的一般性;其发展水平可能存在初级水平到高级水平的区分。