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141.
Given the length of combat in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and elsewhere, and the role special operations forces will continue to play, we believe it is imperative to gain understanding of the psychological “wear and tear” associated with sustained combat operations on these highly specialized, highly utilized personnel. This study focused on a seldom-studied group, Air Force Special Tactics (ST) operators, to assess combat exposure, current psychological stress, and preferences for support when needed. This study assessed symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, sleep, anger, and perceptions of help seeking in 5 ST units. Data revealed that the majority of study participants report distress levels below clinical thresholds; however, 26% struggle with generalized stress/agitation and, at smaller percentages, other distress symptoms that have negative impact on work performance. Combat experiences were comparable or higher than Army and Marine maneuver forces, and greater amounts of exposure related to positive screening for a possible mental health disorder, generalized agitation, and posttraumatic symptoms; combat involving direct fighting and being in high-threat situations were also related to posttraumatic stress. Distress rates for Special Operations Weather personnel were higher. Attitudes toward mental health support were positive however, embedded assets were preferred over base clinic providers. We review these and other findings and offer suggestions for future research in this area. 相似文献
142.
Jessica Graham Margaret Legarreta Lindsey North Jennifer DiMuzio Erin McGlade Deborah Yurgelun-Todd 《Military psychology》2013,25(2):115-122
The all-volunteer status of the military, combined with an increasing desire to employ individuals with the requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform highly sophisticated tasks, has intensified competition between military and private sector organizations attempting to attract and retain qualified personnel. In an effort to remain competitive with employers in the private sector labor market, U.S. military organizations have directed their attention to various personnel support programs aimed at meeting the needs of servicemembers and contributing to their overall quality of life. More specifically, these military services have focused on the development and validation of conceptual models that link quality of life to desired military outcomes, including personnel retention, readiness, and performance. This study extended recent quality of life research efforts by determining the applicability of a model developed and validated for Navy personnel to another branch of the military, the U.S. Marine Corps. Structural equation modeling results suggested that the Navy model provided an adequate fit to the Marine Corps data for each of the subgroups considered. Results and implications are discussed. 相似文献
143.
Higher self-stigma and anticipated enacted stigma from unit leaders are linked with lower intentions to seek help from a mental health professional in service members. Research in civilians suggests that the association between stigma perceived from others (e.g., anticipated enacted stigma) and help-seeking is fully mediated by self-stigma, but this has yet to be tested in military samples. The current study explored whether self-stigma mediated the association of anticipated enacted stigma from unit leaders and help-seeking intentions from a mental health professional in 138 Iraq/Afghanistan service members. Self-stigma and anticipated enacted stigma were positively correlated with one another and negatively associated with help-seeking intentions from a mental health professional. Test of direct and indirect effects using bootstrapping revealed that the direct effect of anticipated enacted stigma on help-seeking intentions was no longer significant after accounting for self-stigma. Stigma reduction interventions to facilitate help-seeking in this population are discussed. 相似文献
144.
Susan I. Woodruff Michael R. Galarneau Bethi N. Luu Daniel I. Sack Peggy P. Han 《Military psychology》2013,25(6):590-600
Associations between body region injured and psychosocial outcomes may have implications for injury prevention and mitigation strategies. The present study investigated the association of body-region—specific injuries and their association with 3 psychosocial outcomes (i.e., quality of life, QOL; posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD; and depression) among a large sample of U.S. military service members injured in combat. A total of 1,011 individuals wounded in combat enrolled in the Wounded Warrior Recovery Project and provided QOL, depression, and PTSD measures on a Web-based survey. These psychosocial variables were linked with the presence/absence of combat injuries in 9 different body regions (head, face, neck, thorax, spine, abdomen, upper extremity, lower extremity, and external skin/other), as well as overall injury severity and demographic factors. Two-step hierarchical linear regressions revealed that after adjusting for overall injury severity and time since injury, those with combat-related head and spine injuries were particularly at risk for relatively worse psychosocial outcomes. Head and spinal injuries were associated with lower QOL and higher PTSD and depression. Overall, even those with relatively minor injuries may be at risk of lower QOL and adverse psychosocial outcomes. These findings may highlight the need for early interventions to minimize the psychological effects of combat injuries to the head and spine. 相似文献
145.
Since 2001 there has been a significant increase in the use of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) analysis for tactical, operational, and strategic decision makers engaged in global operations. To meet this demand, US Air Force intelligence personnel participate in remote combat and graphic media exploitation operations (e.g., review of still imagery, video, and audio), the long-term psychological effects of which are not well understood. Research to date has focused primarily on outcomes related to how intelligence personnel work, versus the specifics of what they do. Military psychologists embedded in ISR units conducted studies to address this gap. Intelligence analysts participated in focus groups and surveys assessing the frequency of exposure, previous exposures to other potentially traumatic events, symptoms of PTSD, moral injury, and other psychosocial experiences. Results showed that exposure levels, albeit virtual, rivaled or exceeded those reported by a sample of special operations forces. Results also showed that specific types of exposures (e.g., witnessing US military casualties, civilian casualties, atrocities committed by the enemy) are related to increased posttraumatic stress and other sequelae that may not adequately be captured by standard posttraumatic stress disorder screening measures. The results contribute to the existing literature on posttraumatic stress, shed new light on the emerging construct of moral injury, and highlight challenges presented by remote combat and graphic media exploitation operations to force health sustainment and performance optimization. The authors provide directions for future research and recommendations for ongoing assessment, monitoring, and selection and training of ISR personnel. 相似文献
146.
Richard M. Sword Rosemary K. M. Sword Sarah R. Brunskill Philip G. Zimbardo 《Journal of Loss and Trauma》2014,19(3):197-201
Time perspective therapy (TPT) is a new time-based therapy that focuses on clients' perceptions of their past, present, and future. Based on Zimbardo's temporal theory and the utilization of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the authors have developed this new narrative therapy approach for the purpose of treating clients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. The goal of TPT is to identify clients' six time perspective factors and then work with and balance these perspectives to promote a more positive future orientation, replace their traumatic past negativity, and thereby create a more responsive and healthier individual. 相似文献
147.
Andrew J. Smith Katharine Donlon Scott R. Anderson Michael Hughes Russell T. Jones 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(3):340-356
Background: Theory and evidence link social support processes and self-efficacy appraisals in the promotion of adaptation following traumatic events. Dynamic causal processes, however, have not been examined longitudinally or in the context of mass-violence. This study tested whether quantity of social support seeking indirectly reduced distress severity among student survivors of mass university shootings. Hypotheses specified that the indirect effects of social support seeking on distress severity would occur through positively influencing perceived social support and self-efficacy, and that these effects would emerge and become stronger as posttraumatic stress symptom severity increased. Design: Path analysis via Mplus 7.2 was used to test the hypothesized moderated-serial-mediation model (conditional indirect effects). Methods: The sample (N = 1191) consisted of students enrolled at Virginia Tech during the 16 April 2007 shootings. Data were collected via online surveys at two time points, 3–4 months and 1-year post-shootings. Results: Hypotheses were supported, showing that the indirect effects of social support seeking on distress reduction occurred through perceived social support, which in turn influenced self-efficacy. These effects emerged and grew in strength as PTS severity increased. Conclusions: Clinical implications, including the need to consider contextual determinants of posttraumatic recovery, are discussed. 相似文献
148.
Crystal L. Park Jennifer Schuster Wachen Anica Pless Kaiser Jeanne Mager Stellman 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(2):144-161
Background and Objectives: Research increasingly demonstrates that trauma exposure can have cumulative effects, yet much remains to be learned about effects of cumulative trauma, particularly regarding longer term adjustment. One such trauma, combat exposure, is insufficiently understood, especially for women, who are increasingly engaged in professional combat activities. Design: The study comprised a cross-sectional survey assessing multiple aspects of current well-being in women approximately 25 years after their service in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Methods: Participants were 1374 women (78% military and 22% nonmilitary; mean age = 59.7). This study investigated the relations between three separate categories of trauma exposure (childhood, adulthood, and combat) and well-being and examined whether perceived social support at return from Vietnam moderated the association between combat exposure and well-being. Results: While both childhood and adulthood trauma exposure related to midlife well-being, combat exposure still uniquely predicted outcomes. Further, postdeployment perceived social support moderated the association of combat and well-being: recollected higher perceived social support at homecoming buffered participants from the links between combat exposure and well-being. Conclusions: These results may have important implications for interventions to reduce the impact of traumatic experiences, particularly in light of the increasing exposure of women to direct combat events. 相似文献
149.
Sharon Gil Ph.D. 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(4):351-359
Abstract Two possible motives for sensation seeking behavior, escape from self-awareness and compensatory self-regulation, were investigated in two studies. In Study I a questionnaire was developed to identify the putative escape and compensation motives suspected to contribute to sensation seeking behaviors. In Study II the factor structure of this new measure, called the Risk and Excitement Inventory (REI), was cross-validated using confirmatory factor analysis, and construct validity was examined. Together these studies suggest that the REI comprises two reliable factors, compensation and escape from self-awareness. Study II showed that these factors have a reasonable degree of construct validity. Limits of the measure and the model are discussed, and suggestions are offered for future research. 相似文献
150.
Roman Cieslak Charles Benight Norine Schmidt Aleksandra Luszczynska Erin Curtin Rebecca A. Clark 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(4):449-463
Abstract The study tested the model of adaptation after trauma by Benight and Bandura (2004) indicating that posttraumatic recovery may be predicted directly by coping self-efficacy (CSE) and indirectly by social support. These relations were investigated in the context of posttraumatic growth (PTG) among Hurricane Katrina survivors living with HIV. Additionally, it was hypothesized that among individuals with more intensive Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, those with strong CSE would experience the strongest PTG. Cross-sectional data were collected among 90 patients with HIV who reinitiated care at the HIV outpatient clinic. Questionnaires were administered approximately 14 months after the hurricane. Higher CSE was related to higher PTG among the survivors who suffered from more intensive PTSD symptoms. Received social support was directly related to only one index of PTG, relating to others. Furthermore, although there was a significant relationship between social support and CSE, the indirect conditional effect of received social support on PTG was not confirmed. Similar results were obtained across the indices of PTG, controlling for the level of exposure to hurricane-related trauma. Cross-sectional design and convenience character of the sample warrants replications. 相似文献