中文单双字词中成分相对位置信息加工比较研究

左右结构单字词（2R词）中的部件和双字词（2C词）中的字都是构词成分。有研究表明,在词汇判断任务中,部件的相对位置影响2R词的识别,字的相对位置却不影响2C词的识别。在其他任务中,2R词中部件的相对位置信息似乎也是可以忽视的。 词是语义表征的基本单位。和启动词汇判断任务相比,启动语义归类任务可能更有利于测量启动刺激和目标刺激间的语义联系。我们采用启动语义归类任务对大学生进行了两项实验研究,并对同一目标词使用了三种启动刺激：和目标词所指事物同属一概念范畴的样例词（语义启动）、语义启动的逆序非词和目标词的逆序非词。 结果发现,不论2R词还是2C词,三种启动刺激对被试判断目标词所指事物是否有生命性的反应有显著性影响,而且,三种启动刺激在启动效应大小上没有显著性差异。这意味着,在激活有无生命概念表征的时候,指具体事物的单双字词有相似性。 结论是,在2R词和2C词识别的早期阶段,熟练读者对词及其构成成分语义信息的提取是同时进行的,构成成分的位置信息不重要。毕竟2R词和2C词结构成分的相对位置是固定的,因此未来需要探究2R词和2C词成分位置信息何时得以加工。     

The locus of taboo context effects in picture naming

Speakers respond more slowly when naming pictures presented with taboo (i.e., offensive/embarrassing) than with neutral distractor words in the picture–word interference paradigm. Over four experiments, we attempted to localize the processing stage at which this effect occurs during word production and determine whether it reflects the socially offensive/embarrassing nature of the stimuli. Experiment 1 demonstrated taboo interference at early stimulus onset asynchronies of ?150?ms and 0?ms although not at 150?ms. In Experiment 2, taboo distractors sharing initial phonemes with target picture names eliminated the interference effect. Using additive factors logic, Experiment 3 demonstrated that taboo interference and phonological facilitation effects do not interact, indicating that the two effects originate at different processing levels within the speech production system. In Experiment 4, interference was observed for masked taboo distractors, including those sharing initial phonemes with the target picture names, indicating that the effect cannot be attributed to a processing level involving responses in an output buffer. In two of the four experiments, the magnitude of the interference effect correlated significantly with arousal ratings of the taboo words. However, no significant correlations were found for either offensiveness or valence ratings. These findings are consistent with a locus for the taboo interference effect prior to the processing stage responsible for word form encoding. We propose a pre-lexical account in which taboo distractors capture attention at the expense of target picture processing due to their high arousal levels.     

Effects of the emotional properties of words and a manipulation of mindset on performance of an ambiguous task

In this study, we investigated whether processing of an ambiguous task was influenced by the emotional properties of words or promotion of a specific mindset. Words used differed in valence and origin of an affective state (derived “from heart” or “from mind”). Mindset was manipulated by suggesting that either fast or slow performance was associated with cleverness and then having participants perform a task requiring the “smart” processing strategy. The ambiguous task was to choose which of 2 Far East hexagrams better represented a previously presented target word. Reaction latencies were measured and appeared to be longer for ambiguous task probes involving words of reflective origin rather than automatic or unspecified origin. Promotion of heuristic thinking was associated with shorter responses latencies than promotion of systematic or neutral processing. The study demonstrated that the processing mode may be promoted by means of both emotional and cognitive manipulations and each of them is working in a specific way.     

Early indications of delayed cognitive development in preschool children born very preterm: evidence from domain‐general and domain‐specific tasks

Cognitive impairment often follows preterm birth but its early underlying nature is not well understood. We used a novel approach by investigating the development of colour cognition in 54 very preterm children born ?30 weeks gestational age without severe neurosensory impairment and 37 age‐matched term‐born controls, aged 2–5 years. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the development of colour cognition are well charted throughout the preschool years, enabling delayed from deviant development to be determined. Standardized domain‐general and experimental colour‐specific tests of language, attention, and memory were employed. Very preterm children showed significantly depressed language than term controls, with very preterm group girls significantly outperforming boys. Very preterm children also showed poorer attention and memory than term controls, but not significantly so. Importantly, colour‐specific tests showed qualitatively similar performance, but for naming and executive planning quantitatively poorer performance, across groups, indicating typical but delayed development. Hence, even before school entry, compared with term‐born peers, very preterm children show delayed development of cognitive processes that underpin later scholastic abilities, but the nature by which these processes operate appears to be typical of term children. If left untreated these early developmental delays may underpin later deviations from the typical developmental trajectory. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Symbolic objects and the analytic frame

With reference to two patients who brought material objects to their sessions (previously discussed in Colman 2010a, 2010b), this paper reconsiders the pre-eminent role of verbal communication in analysis. I suggest that the privileging of words over action derives from Freud's view of the mind in which only that which can be put into words can become conscious. Following Stephen Mitchell (1993), I discuss the way that this view has become relativized by the shift away from an instinctual drive model to a more relational, meaning-making view of the mind. This is then linked to Jung's emphasis on the importance of symbols and the transcendent function and Milner's view of the therapeutic frame as a space for symbolic meaning. Drawing the boundaries of the therapeutic frame in this way allows for symbolic actions within the frame rather than as boundary-crossing deviations from a more narrowly defined frame which allows only for verbal communications.     

情绪词对新异刺激喜好度变化的调节机制

通过三个实验探讨了情绪词的情绪信息对新异刺激喜好度变化的调节机制。实验采用评价条件化(Evaluative Conditioning)范式, 将新异刺激(相当于条件刺激, CS)与情绪词(相当于无条件刺激, US)配对呈现, 最后测量被试对新异刺激的喜好程度。三个实验通过设置表面故事, 控制新异刺激与情绪词间的配对关系, 并改变任务的加工深度, 揭示了情绪词调节新异刺激喜好度变化的机制。研究结果表明, 情绪词对新异刺激喜好度的调节不依赖于对刺激间偶联关系的意识以及被试的任务状态, 是一种自下而上的自动化的联想学习过程。     

Socrates’ Humaneness: What His Last Words Meant

Confucius emphasises the importance of humaneness (ren 仁) and rites (li 禮). Socrates, on the other hand, is often interpreted as a person who places far more importance on rational thinking, even to the exclusion of natural human feelings, especially on the ground of his attitude towards the sorrow of his wife and friends on his last day as described in Plato’s Phaedo. Through clarifying two long-time riddles in this dialogue—namely, “What did Socrates mean by his last words, requesting Crito to offer a cock to Asclepius?” and “Was Plato really absent from the prison on Socrates’ last day, due to illness, as is mentioned by Phaedo?”—this paper argues that Socrates kept in mind the best interest of his wife and friends even at the moment of his death, and that his humane attitude is expressed in his last words, which were not only an expression of gratitude for Plato’s recovery from a critical illness but also an exhortation to his friends to continue their care of the soul.     

手写体文字识别的特点及神经机制

手写体文字与打印体文字的识别过程存在很大差异, 与打印体文字相比, 手写体文字的识别受文本材料的影响更大, 具体包括文字的物理结构特性、文字特性、书写风格等。有关神经机制的研究发现, 手写体文字识别加工所涉及的脑区与打印体文字有所区别, 它既包含识别打印体文字的枕叶和外侧额顶叶, 还涉及到手写体文字识别的文化特异性脑区, 包括左后侧运动皮层, 外侧前额叶和后侧顶叶皮层。手写体文字加工既涉及整体加工, 也涉及特征加工, 加工方式既有其特异性, 又有与打印体文字的共同之处。未来研究应该进一步探究大脑在识别手写体文字时, 怎样在嘈杂的视觉信息中提取目标词, 并考虑手写体文字识别理论模型的构建, 以便更好地解释手写体文字的识别过程。     

Awareness training reduces college students' speech disfluencies in public speaking

Recent research suggests that a modified habit reversal procedure, including awareness training alone or combined with competing response training, is effective in decreasing speech disfluencies for college students. However, these procedures are potentially lengthy, sometimes require additional booster sessions, and could result in covariation of untargeted speaker behavior. We extended prior investigations by evaluating awareness training as a sole intervention while also measuring collateral effects of treatment on untargeted filler words and rate of speech. We found awareness training was effective for all participants without the use of booster sessions, and covariation between targeted filler words and secondary dependent variables was idiosyncratic across participants.     

在词汇通达中双字词的语音类似作用存在吗?

本研究进行了两个实验,启动词和目标词相关联的分别是首字同音和尾字同音。实验1采用决定任务,未发现语音作用,而实验2采用命名任务,只发现了首字同音作用。与中文单字词和拼音文字相比,中文双字词的语音类似在词汇通达中起有限的作用。