公平偏好的电生理测量：来自脑电、皮肤电和心电的证据

研究发现,人们普遍具有追求公平的偏好,即人们在追求个人收益时也会关注收益分配的公平性。随着电生理技术的发展,越来越多的研究者采用电生理技术对公平偏好进行深入探讨。本研究从脑电、皮肤电、心电等方面梳理公平偏好的电生理机制。脑电的研究发现,公平偏好相关的脑电主要涉及反馈相关负波和P300;皮肤电的研究发现,相比于公平分配,个体在不公平分配情况下其皮肤电的激活水平更高;心率的研究发现,相比于公平分配,个体遭遇不公平分配时其心率降低。研究公平偏好电生理机制有助于更深入地揭示公平偏好的产生根源与形成过程。未来可从公平偏好电生理的整合研究、公平偏好的脑成像与电生理的整合性探索,以及拓展公平偏好电生理的外部效度和研究范式等方面展开进一步探究。     

Carrying the Burden: Counselors of Color’s Experiences of Microaggressions in Counseling

In this secondary analysis using a previous dataset, the authors explored, via a phenomenological research tradition, how 8 counselors of color responded to clients’ microaggressive behaviors. Researchers identified 3 major themes in the data: (a) buffering and bracing for racial microaggressions, (b) experiencing the intrusions of racial microaggressions, and (c) strategizing and responding in session. The authors apply the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (Ratts, Singh, Nassar-McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, 2015) to their findings as a framework for considering practice and training implications.     

习得的语言范畴对注意前颜色范畴知觉的影响:一项ERP研究

该研究探讨了语言范畴对注意前颜色知觉的影响依赖于语言范畴与颜色长期联结还是其即时分类颜色,同时检验了习得的语言范畴是否能因果性地改变早期颜色知觉机能。采用G1、G2、B1、B2（前两者为绿色,后两者为蓝色）4种连续变化的颜色为材料。学习组和分类组被试分别接受6次和1次色词与颜色重组训练,学习4种颜色不同的新名称,并在之后均接受视觉Oddball脑电测试。训练结果显示：学习组稳定地习得了4种颜色的新名称,分类组能以新名称将颜色分为4类。测试结果显示：学习组的颜色知觉中出现了与习得语言范畴对应的偏侧化注意前颜色范畴知觉,分类组的颜色知觉中未出现与颜色分类对应的偏侧化注意前颜色范畴知觉。研究结果表明：语言范畴对注意前颜色知觉的影响依赖于语言范畴与颜色长期联结而非其即时分类颜色;习得的语言范畴能引起偏侧化注意前颜色范畴知觉,提示习得的语言范畴能因果性地改变早期颜色知觉机能。     

从征求到反应：建言行为链中的管理者角色

在建言行为发生链中,管理者扮演着征求者和反应者的不同角色。在管理实践中,管理者却罕于从员工处征求建言,或未能对员工建言做出有效反应。在学术界,目前有关管理者征求建言、纳谏和建言/建言者评估的研究日益丰富,但不成系统。为解决这些实践和理论上的不足,提出并整合建言行为链框架;并基于输入-过程-输出模型,从管理者角色入手,系统分析和归纳管理者征求建言、采纳建言、评估建言(者)的前提和结果,以诠释管理者在员工建言行为链中发挥的作用及其机制,并为管理者更好履行建言管理职能提供实践参考。     

领导者对员工主动行为的心理与行为反应

员工主动行为因有利于个人和组织的长远发展而受到学界和业界的广泛关注。以往的研究主要关注主动行为对员工本人的人际内影响,而较少考虑对领导者的人际间影响;同时,考虑到员工在领导过程中扮演的重要角色,对员工的主动行为如何影响领导的心理与行为反应做理论性整理将极大丰富对员工主动行为的认识。学界基于归因理论、内隐追随理论、自我-他人评价一致性理论等对上述自下而上的影响过程进行了初步探索,发现领导者对员工主动行为的态度评价和行为反应受到多重边界条件的影响。未来研究可具体化员工主动行为所诱发的领导者心理与行为反应,探索员工主动行为与领导方式的循环关系,以及深挖主动行为与绩效评价之间的内在机理。     

不同认知偏好对大学生情感反应的影响：短期利益和长期代价

对99名大学生进行一个学期的追踪调查,探讨不同认知偏好对他们状态性情感反应的影响以及这种影响从长期看是利是弊的问题。结果发现：1）与其他组被试相比,积极认知偏好组产生了更少消极情感反应和更高情感反应积极性;2）认知偏好对个体情感反应的不同影响是暂时的,从长期看,既没有累积成稳定的情感健康差异也没有产生情感代价。最后对认知偏好的适应性进行了讨论。     

OPTIMIZING LINKED PERCEPTUAL CLASS FORMATION AND TRANSFER OF FUNCTION

A linked perceptual class consists of two distinct perceptual classes, A′ and B′, the members of which have become related to each other. For example, a linked perceptual class might be composed of many pictures of a woman (one perceptual class) and the sounds of that woman's voice (the other perceptual class). In this case, any sound of the woman's voice would occasion the selection of any picture of the woman and vice versa. In addition, after learning to name the woman in the presence of one picture, that name would be uttered when presented with all of the images of the woman's face and all of the sounds of her voice. This study involved 15 participants and sought to (a) maximize the percentage of participants who formed linked perceptual classes, and (b) determine whether those classes acted as transfer networks, that is, whether the discriminative function of one class member would generalize to other members of the class and not to members of a different class. The rate of emergence of each linked perceptual class was maximized by establishing a single class‐linking conditional relation between the clearest member of one class used as a sample stimulus and the most ambiguous member of the other class used as a comparison stimulus. Class formation was demonstrated using the serial and programmed presentation of A′–B′ probes that consisted of untrained pairs of stimuli drawn from the A′ and B′ classes. Most participants showed immediate emergence of the two linked perceptual classes. The remaining participants showed delayed emergence following a second exposure to each originally error‐producing probes. Once the linked perceptual classes had emerged, a differential response to a specific member of one perceptual class generalized mostly or completely to the other members of that linked class and rarely, if ever, to members of the other linked class. Thus, generalization did not depend on the specific class members that had been used for discrimination training.     

A COMPARISON OF PEER VIDEO MODELING AND SELF VIDEO MODELING TO TEACH TEXTUAL RESPONSES IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

Peer video modeling was compared to self video modeling to teach 3 children with autism to respond appropriately to (i.e., identify or label) novel letters. A combination multiple baseline and multielement design was used to compare the two procedures. Results showed that all 3 participants met the mastery criterion in the self‐modeling condition, whereas only 1 of the participants met the mastery criterion in the peer‐modeling condition. In addition, the participant who met the mastery criterion in both conditions reached the criterion more quickly in the self‐modeling condition. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for teaching new skills to children with autism.     

颜色选择的毕生发展特点比较研究

目的：探讨从童年至老年人们颜色选择的发展变化。方法：横断研究设计要求7～90岁被试从同形异色的蝴蝶形、上装形、正方形3种形状10种颜色卡片中选择一种最喜欢的颜色。结果：不同年龄组被试对不同图形颜色选择不同。结论：除橙色外颜色选择随增龄有变化,并受具体形状的影响。     

情绪Stroop效应:来自汉字的证据

通过颜色命名和词汇阅读两种作业任务,采用情绪词、中性词两类刺激材料,探索情绪Stroop效应中Stroop加工的特点和机制。结果发现：（1）两种作业任务都发现明显的情绪Stroop效应;（2）两种作业任务中情绪Stroop效应不受情绪词的抽象性影响。它说明情绪stroop效应与经典的Stroop效应是两种独立的现象,前者的加工过程是由于情绪词所产生的情绪威胁而导致反应延迟,而不是经典Stroop效应的选择性注意机制。