Effects of body weight on discriminative-stimulus control by phencyclidine in the pigeon.

Using a color-tracking procedure with responses reinforced under a second-order schedule, the discriminative-stimulus properties of phencyclidine were studied in pigeons maintained at 70%, 80%, or 90% of their free-feeding weights. The generalization curves for phencyclidine were similar at all three body weights. Generalization curves for pentobarbital, d-amphetamine, and saline were also unrelated to body weight. These data suggest that food deprivation may not influence the discriminative-stimulus properties of drugs in the way that it influences the reinforcing-stimulus properties of drugs. The reason may be that during discrimination training interoceptive stimuli resulting from food deprivation do not become conditioned to the stimulus properties of the drug, because the food-deprivation stimuli are paired equally often with the presence and absence of drug stimuli.     

Bayesian estimation of item response curves

Item response curves for a set of binary responses are studied from a Bayesian viewpoint of estimating the item parameters. For the two-parameter logistic model with normally distributed ability, restricted bivariate beta priors are used to illustrate the computation of the posterior mode via the EM algorithm. The procedure is illustrated by data from a mathematics test.This work was supported under Contract No. N00014-85-K-0113, NR 150-535, from Personnel and Training Research Programs, Psychological Sciences Division, Office of Naval Research. The authors wish to thank Mark D. Reckase for providing the ACT data used in the illustration and Michael J. Soltys for computational assistance. They also wish to thank the editor and four anonymous reviewers for many valuable suggestions.     

The effects of number of responses on the postreinforcement pause in fixed-interval schedules

The present study manipulated the number of responses in a modified fixed-interval schedule by imposing a blackout after each unreinforced response during the interval. The blackout duration was varied, and the duration of the fixed interval was held constant. The subjects were initially exposed to a fixed-interval 300-sec schedule. Blackout durations of 0, 10, and 50 sec were used. Following this, a fixed-interval 30-sec schedule was used with blackout durations of 0, 1, and 5 sec. Under the fixed-interval 300-sec schedule, the number of interreinforcement responses varied over a wider range than occurred under the fixed-interval 30-sec schedule. The duration of the postreinforcement pause decreased as blackout durations were increased and number of responses decreased on the fixed-interval 300-sec schedule, but pause length did not vary with changes in blackout duration and number of responses for the fixed-interval 30-sec schedule. The differences in the effects of blackout duration and response manipulation on the two fixed-interval schedules were attributed to relatively greater changes in the number of interreinforcement responses for the fixed-interval 300-sec schedule.     

Object color affects identification and repetition priming

We investigated the influence of color on the identification of both non-studied and studied objects. Participants studied black and white and color photos of common objects and memory was assessed with an identification test. Consistent with our meta-analysis of prior research, we found that objects were easier to identify from color than from black and white photos. We also found substantial priming in all conditions, and study-to-test changes in an object's color reduced the magnitude of priming. Color-specific priming effects were large for color-complex objects, but minimal for color-simple objects. The pattern and magnitude of priming effects was not influenced either by the extent to which an object always appears in the same color (i.e., whether a color is symptomatic of an object) or by the object's origin (natural versus fabricated). We discuss the implications of our findings for theoretical accounts of object perception and repetition priming.     

平滑运动条件下的图形颜色及形状加工特性的研究

本研究对在运动图形识别过程中,有关图形的不同特征（颜色、形状等）的加工特性、方向性效应以及不同空间位置（或时间间隔）对图形识别的影响了探讨。结果发现,视觉系统在运动信息加工时,对目标的不同特征的加工存在不均衡性,加工的难度有差异。颜色的加工难度要比形状的加工难度小。视觉系统对不同运动方向上的图形匹配反应特性也存在差异,图形匹配过程受时间或距离因素的影响,匹配的反应时随着两个比较图形之间的空间距离的增加而减少。     

Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions

This study explored how rapidly emotion specific facial muscle reactions were elicited when subjects were exposed to pictures of angry and happy facial expressions. In three separate experiments, it was found that distinctive facial electromyographic reactions, i.e., greater Zygomaticus major muscle activity in response to happy than to angry stimuli and greater Corrugator supercilii muscle activity in response to angry stimuli, were detectable after only 300–400 ms of exposure. These findings demonstrate that facial reactions are quickly elicited, indicating that expressive emotional reactions can be very rapidly manifested and are perhaps controlled by fast operating facial affect programs.     

Gleaning in the field of dual scaling

Some historical background and preliminary technical information are first presented, and then a number of hidden, but important, methodological aspects of dual scaling are illustrated and discussed: normed versus projected weights, the amount of information accounted for by each solution, a perfect solution to the problem of multidimensional unfolding, multidimensional quantification space, graphical display, number-of-option problems, option standardization versus item standardization, and asymmetry of symmetric (dual) scaling. Contrary to the common perception that dual scaling and similar quantification methods are now mathematically transparent, the present study demonstrates how much more needs to be clarified for routine use of the method to arrive at valid conclusions. Data analysis must be carried out in such a way that common sense, intuition and sound logic will prevail.Presidential Address delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Banff Centre for Conferences, Banff, Alberta, Canada, June 27–30, 1996. The work has been supported in part by a grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. I am grateful to Ira Nishisato for his comments, Ingram Olkin and Yoshio Takane for important references, and Liqun Xu for computational help.     

色塔人格测验试用研究

用色塔人格测验对中国７２２名５—８０岁正常者及１５１名患有精神病、违法犯罪等异常者进行了测试,建立了中国常模。与日本版比较,增加了成人组的资料。研究表明,中国版色塔人格测验具有较高的信度和效度。该测验稍加修改即可在中国正式使用。     

Job stressors,Type A behavior,coping responses,and psychological burnout among teachers

This study examined a research model developed to understand psychological burnout in work settings. Data were collected from 473 teachers and school administrators using questionnaires completed anonymously. Four groups of predictor variables identified in previous research were considered: individual demographic and situational variables, Type A behavior, job Stressors and coping responses. Type A behavior, job Stressors and coping responses were significantly and independently related to levels of psychological burnout.     

在亮度对比和颜色对比下立体视知觉的定量研究

研究了在亮度对比与等亮度颜色对比的条件下,受试者分辨随机点阵立体图对的立体视敏度（最小视差）．结果表明：（１）在亮度对比条件下,立体视敏度随对比度的增加而增加,１０％的对比度即可引起立体视知觉,对比度大于３０％时达到饱和;（２）在亮度对比与等亮度颜色对比两种不同的条件下,受试者的立体视敏度不存在有统计学意义的差异;（３）当双眼分别接受不同颜色的等亮度立体图刺激时,与亮度对比条件相比,受试者的立体视敏度无明显差异;（４）当受试者双眼分别接受由亮度对比和颜色对比形成的立体图刺激时,只有当颜色对比图中图形与背景间的对比度超过等亮度值３８％以上时,才能形成立体视知觉．以上结果提示,大、小细胞系统（包括斑点系统与斑点间系统）均参与立体视知觉信息的传递．