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201.
Cummings ML 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(4):701-715
The Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET) has declared that to achieve accredited status, “engineering
programs must demonstrate that their graduates have an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.” Many engineering
professors struggle to integrate this required ethics instruction in technical classes and projects because of the lack of
a formalized ethics-in-design approach. However, one methodology developed in human-computer interaction research, the Value-Sensitive
Design approach, can serve as an engineering education tool which bridges the gap between design and ethics for many engineering
disciplines. The three major components of Value-Sensitive Design, conceptual, technical, and empirical, exemplified through
a case study which focuses on the development of a command and control supervisory interface for a military cruise missile. 相似文献
202.
Engineering educators have long discussed the need to teach professional responsibility and the social context of engineering
without adding to overcrowded curricula. One difficulty we face is the lack of appropriate teaching materials that can fit
into existing courses. The PRiME (Professional Responsibility Modules for Engineering) Project (http://www.engr.utexas.edu/ethics/primeModules.cfm) described in this paper was initiated at the University
of Texas, Austin to provide web-based modules that could be integrated into any undergraduate engineering class. Using HPL
(How People Learn) theory, PRiME developed and piloted four modules during the academic year 2004–2005. This article introduces
the modules and the pilot, outlines the assessment process, analyzes the results, and describes how the modules are being
revised in light of the initial assessment. In its first year of development and testing, PRiME made significant progress
towards meeting its objectives. The PRiME Project can strengthen engineering education by providing faculty with an effective
system for engaging students in learning about professional responsibility.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2005 conference, Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology, Linking Workplace Ethics and Education, co-hosted by Gonzaga University and Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 9–10 June 2005. 相似文献
203.
Sheskin TJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(3):555-565
The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) can be used to determine co-author responsibility for a scientific paper describing collaborative
research. The objective is to deter scientific fraud by holding co-authors accountable for their individual contributions.
A hiearchical model of the research presented in a paper can be created by dividing it into primary and secondary elements.
The co-authors then determine the contributions of the primary and secondary elements to the work as a whole as well as their
own individual contributions. They can use the results to determine authorship order. 相似文献
204.
205.
On the basis of experiences in pastoral hospital care, the relationship between disease, sin, and guilt in the life of patients is explored. Against the disregard of this subject in medicine, and even in most of pastoral care, it is argued that patients' interest requires that their hidden or manifest questions be addressed, rather than their being exposed to efforts at "helping" through mere attempts at "debt clearance." Only by openly confronting sin and guilt can the patient be taken seriously in his role as subject of his disease. Theological and anthropological background considerations revealing the essence of sin as a disruption or even destruction of the Divine gift of life in its realization through a lived relationship to God and other humans are offered as evidence for this claim. 相似文献
206.
Whereas most Western European therapists and clients consider emotional distance and abstinence as desirable and conducive in the therapeutic process, this may not always be the case with clients from India. Cultural components such as the contrast between linear and cyclic world-views and the traditional view of the psychologist as an advisor in India present a challenge to professionals with a Western background. Some factors such as the situation of women in society and seemingly too close familiy ties can mean that a Western therapist fails to promote the changes an Indian client is desiring for his or her family. However, besides cultural awareness and caution, one of the most helpful tools in work across cultures is curiosity in its most positive sense and the readiness to be surprised by ones’ clients.I would like to thank all my Indian colleagues who supported and advised me in my work in India. 相似文献
207.
Scientists’ responsibility to inform the public about their results may conflict with their responsibility not to cause social
disturbance by the communication of these results. A study of the well-known Brady-Spence and Iben Browning earthquake predictions
illustrates this conflict in the publication of scientifically unwarranted predictions. Furthermore, a public policy that
considers public sensitivity caused by such publications as an opportunity to promote public awareness is ethically problematic
from (i) a refined consequentialist point of view that any means cannot be justified by any ends, and (ii) a rights view according
to which individuals should never be treated as a mere means to ends. The Parkfield experiment, the so-called paradigm case
of cooperation between natural and social scientists and the political authorities in hazard management and risk communication,
is also open to similar ethical criticism. For the people in the Parkfield area were not informed that the whole experiment
was based on a contested seismological paradigm. 相似文献
208.
Rappert B 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(4):453-470
Since 11 September 2001 and the anthrax attacks that followed in the US, public and policy concerns about the security threats
posed by biological weapons have increased significantly. With this has come an expansion of those activities in civil society
deemed as potential sites for applying security controls. This paper examines the assumptions and implications of national
and international efforts in one such area: how a balance or integration can take place between security and openness in civilian
biomedical research through devising professional codes of conduct for scientists. Future attempts to establish such codes
must find a way of reconciling or at least addressing dilemmatic and tension-ridden issues about the appropriateness of research;
a topic that raises fundamental questions about the position of science within society. 相似文献
209.
Garrath Williams 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2003,6(4):427-445
This paper looks at judgments of guilt in the face of alleged wrong-doing, be it in public or in private discourse. Its concern is not the truth of such judgments, although the complexity and contestability of such claims will be stressed. The topic, instead, is what sort of activities we are engaged in, when we make our judgments on others' conduct. To examine judging as an activity it focuses on a series of problems that can occur when we blame others. On analysis, we see that these problems take the form of performative contradictions, so that the ostensible purposes of assigning guilt to others are undermined.There is clear evidence from social psychology that blame is especially frequently and inappropriately attributed to individuals in modern Western societies. On the other hand, it has often been observed how suspicious we are about the activity of judging – thus a widespread perception that a refusal to judge is somehow virtuous. My suggestion is that the sheer difficulty of attributions of responsibility, in the face of a complex and often arbitrary moral reality, frequently defeats us. This leads to a characteristic set of distortions when we blame, so that it is no surprise that we have become suspicious of all blaming activities.Yet, the paper argues, these problems need not arise when we hold others responsible. This paper therefore investigates what, exactly, can be questionable about attempts to assign guilt, and the structural logic that lies behind these problems – what will be called, adapting a term from social psychology, a belief in a just world. Such a belief takes for granted what needs to be worked for through human activity, and therefore tends to be counter-productive in dealing with misdeeds and adverse outcomes. 相似文献
210.