Sleep, watchkeeping and accidents: a content analysis of incident at sea reports

The unique profession of seafaring involves rest and sleep in a 24-h-a-day work environment that usually involves time-zone crossings, noise, heat, cold and motion. Sleep under such conditions is often difficult to obtain, and sleeping and sleep loss are often related to fatigue and contributory to accidents. This study aims to determine how accident investigators report sleep in Incident at Sea Reports and subsequently analyse the relationships between sleep, fatigue and accidents in these reports.The full text of 44 Incident at Sea Reports was coded and analysed using NUDIST software. This sample included collisions and groundings reported since 1991, where significant human factors contributed to the incident. The Incident at Sea Reports were electronically searched for reference to sleep and content was indexed against parameters such as fatigue behaviours, time of day and contributing personnel. Incident at Sea Reports incorporate three levels of reference to sleep, analysis of which may associate sleeping and sleepiness with accident causation. The highest level of reference unequivocally associates either being asleep, or being sleep deprived with accidents, but not always with fatigue. At an intermediate level, reference to the conflicting pressures of work and sleep on board fishing boats and ships suggests a work environment that is not conducive to obtaining sufficient sleep, and accident investigators are usually unable to link the watchkeeping environment with fatigue as a contributing factor. At the lowest level of association, reference is made to the integrated nature of sleeping and work on board.     

爆发怒与潜在怒及其在认知操作中的功能

研究旨在证明;实验1.实验室人工诱发婴儿被试愤怒情绪被划分为爆发怒与潜在怒两种愤怒表现形式,它们在婴儿进行的“迂回”作业操作中显示了不同的功能作用：爆发怒被试的操作效果显著优于潜在怒被试。实验２．以实验１同样的方法诱发婴儿被试愤怒情况下,在另一项“寻找”作业中验证了爆发怒与潜在怒两种愤怒形式确实具有不同的功能作用,实验２以心率水平测量作为验证指标。     

用中国人个性量表(CPAI)预测国有企业中高层管理者的绩效

本研究用中国人个性量表 (CPAI)测量了某国有企业的 3 8名中高级管理人员 ,并获得了他们最近的上司评定绩效资料。相关分析表明 ,CPAI的和谐维度与工作能力和工作态度的多个指标有正相关 ,CPAI的领导维度与沟通能力有正相关。与假设相反 ,老实 -圆滑和务实与沟通能力有负相关 ;越外控的员工 ,其合作态度的评价越高。这可能表明了国企管理的某些特点对人格—绩效关系的影响。本研究揭示了一些被西方心理学家忽视的人格维度对于中国企业人力资源管理的重要意义。     

中学生学习主观幸福感及其影响因素的初步研究

以910名从初一到高三的中学生为被试,采用自编的《中学生学习主观幸福感量表》进行研究。结果表明:(1)中学生学习主观幸福感普遍偏低,且存在学校类型、年级的差异,非重点学校学生学习主观幸福感更低;高二、初二学生学习主观幸福感最低。(2)影响中学生学习主观幸福感的直接因素是学习体验和现有学习成绩,其中,前者作用更大。(3)影响中学生学习主观幸福感的间接因素是社会压力和希望学习成绩,它们通过学习体验或现有学习成绩间接作用于学习主观幸福感。     

Specific Features of After-School Program Quality: Associations with Children’s Functioning in Middle Childhood

This longitudinal study examined associations between three after-school program quality features (positive staff–child relations, available activities, programming flexibility) and child developmental outcomes (reading and math grades, work habits, and social skills with peers) in Grade 2 and then Grade 3. Participants (n = 120 in Grade 2, n = 91 in Grade 3) attended after-school programs more than 4 days per week, on average. Controlling for child and family background factors and children’s prior functioning on the developmental outcomes, positive staff–child relations in the programs were positively associated with children’s reading grades in both Grades 2 and 3, and math grades in Grade 2. Positive staff–child relations also were positively associated with social skills in Grade 2, for boys only. The availability of a diverse array of age-appropriate activities at the programs was positively associated with children’s math grades and classroom work habits in Grade 3. Programming flexibility (child choice of activities) was not associated with child outcomes.     

“The ball don't lie”: How inequity aversion can undermine performance

Previous research has found that people are often averse to inequity, even when it works to their own advantage. The present research extends previous demonstrations of inequity aversion by examining how it plays out in a real-world context in which self-interest motivations and competitive pressures are substantial. National Basketball Association games were examined and instances of obviously incorrect foul calls were identified. Players were found to make a substantially lower percentage of the foul shots they were awarded as a result of incorrect calls, indicating that they were troubled by the inequity. This drop-off in performance was only observed when the shooter's team was ahead, highlighting the trade-off between the two conflicting motives of self-interest (the desire to win) and inequity aversion.     

The effects of music on time perception and performance of a driving game

Cassidy, G.G. & MacDonald, R.A.R. (2010). The effects of music on time perception and performance of a driving game. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 51, 455–464. There is an established and growing body of evidence highlighting that music can influence behavior across a range of diverse domains ( Miell, MacDonald, & Hargreaves 2005 ). One area of interest is the monitoring of “internal timing mechanisms”, with features such as tempo, liking, perceived affective nature and everyday listening contexts implicated as important ( North & Hargreaves, 2008 ). The current study addresses these issues by comparing the effects of self‐selected and experimenter‐selected music (fast and slow) on actual and perceived performance of a driving game activity. Seventy participants completed three laps of a driving game in seven sound conditions: (1) silence; (2) car sounds; (3) car sounds with self‐selected music, and car sounds with experimenter‐selected music; (4) high‐arousal (70 bpm); (5) high‐arousal (130 bpm); (6) low‐arousal (70 bpm); and (7) low‐arousal (130 bpm) music. Six performance measures (time, accuracy, speed, and retrospective perception of these), and four experience measures (perceived distraction, liking, appropriateness and enjoyment) were taken. Exposure to self‐selected music resulted in overestimation of elapsed time and inaccuracy, while benefiting accuracy and experience. In contrast, exposure to experimenter‐selected music resulted in poorest performance and experience. Increasing the tempo of experimenter‐selected music resulted in faster performance and increased inaccuracy for high‐arousal music, but did not impact experience. It is suggested that personal meaning and subjective associations connected to self‐selected music promoted increased engagement with the activity, overriding detrimental effects attributed to unfamiliar, less liked and less appropriate experimenter‐selected music.     

Toward a better understanding of the effects of hindrance and challenge stressors on work behavior

This study investigated the processes whereby hindrance and challenge stressors may affect work behavior. Three mechanisms were examined to explain the differential effects these stressors have demonstrated: job satisfaction, strains, and work self-efficacy. A model is proposed in which both types of stressors will result in increases in strains, but that job satisfaction is primarily involved in the relationship between hindrance stressors and citizenship behavior, and efficacy is involved in the relationship between challenge stressors and job performance. Although the results generally supported the dual-stressor framework showing meaningful relationships to the work outcomes through the proposed processes, the link between work self-efficacy and job performance was not significant. This model was analyzed using multi-source data collected from 143 employees from a variety of organizational settings. Implications for the conceptualization of stressors and the development of interventions are discussed.     

Commitment to nonwork roles and job performance: Enrichment and conflict perspectives

An extensive commitment to nonwork roles was negatively associated with the job performance of 182 women legal secretaries. In addition to its direct negative effect on job performance, nonwork role commitment had both a negative indirect effect (through emotional energy expended on nonwork roles) and a positive indirect effect (through resources acquired from nonwork roles) on job performance. Consistent with a family-to-work conflict perspective, the negative effect was stronger than the positive effect. We suggest that the level and type of job occupied by the respondents in the study may have been responsible for the dominance of the negative effect and encourage researchers to examine the contextual influences that might explain the conditions under which commitment to life outside of work dampens or promotes performance in the work domain.     

极端环境下个体绩效的负性表现

极端环境是指太空、深海、南北极、大型竞技比赛等对人的心理、生理功能提出较高要求的复杂恶劣环境条件。个体与环境之间的相互作用会对绩效表现产生一定影响。本文通过系统回顾国内外研究,并结合最新的认知神经科学研究结果,将极端环境下负性绩效表现的相关研究进展进行梳理与探讨。