4～5岁儿童对书面数符号的表征和理解能力的发展

本研究对61名中班儿童的书面数符号表征和理解能力进行了跟踪调查。一年中三次个别面试的结果表明,约40％的4岁儿童已能运用1—10的书面数符号表征数量。至中班末期,大多数5岁儿童能够较熟练地运用至少1一17的书面数符号来表征数量,尽管其中有人在两位数的表征和数字的正确写法上有困难。儿童的书面数符号表征与他们的基数概念发展水平密切相关。大学附属幼儿园4—5岁儿童的书面数符号表征能力好于为工人家庭服务的幼儿园儿童的能力。     

Religion as Orienting Worldview

Religions are complex, and any attempt at defining religion necessarily falls short. Nevertheless, any scholarly inquiry into the nature of religion must use some criteria in order to evaluate and study the character of religious traditions across contexts. To this end, I propose understanding religion in terms of an orienting worldview. Religions are worldviews that are expressed not only in beliefs but also in narratives and symbols. More than this, religions orient action, and any genuine religious tradition necessarily is concerned with normative behavior, whether ethical or religious in character. Such an understanding of religion has several advantages, one of which is its natural relation to current forms of the science-religion dialogue. Not only can the findings of cognitive science and related areas inform us about the nature of religion; scientific discoveries also prove to be important for any religious synthesis that attempts to construct a worldview for the twenty-first century.     

信任的认知神经网络模型

信任是指一方在基于对另一方行为期望的基础上愿意冒一定的风险, 以期在将来得到积极结果的心理过程。近年, 认知神经取向的研究对信任行为引起的特定脑区激活进行了考察, 却忽略了大规模脑网络在信任过程中的整体作用。在总结前人研究的基础上提出信任的认知神经网络模型, 并从认知神经网络视角对信任行为进行解释和整合。在模型中, 信任行为是动力系统、情感系统和认知系统相互作用的结果, 并分别与奖励网络、显著网络、中央执行网络和默认网络等神经网络激活有关。此外, 模型还强调信任行为的反馈机制, 以此构成完整的建构模型。模型阐明了心理系统与中枢神经网络之间的对应关系, 从认知神经角度解释了信任行为发生的心理机制和神经基础。     

A Primer on Psychotherapy Process Research: A Review of Cognitive Therapy of Depression

Researchers conducting psychotherapy process research aim to understand the process by which efficacious psychotherapies achieve therapeutic benefits. A key challenge in this research is how to maximise what can be learned from naturalistic longitudinal data. We provide a selective overview of research examining the process of change in cognitive therapy of depression. While the efficacy of this treatment is widely recognised, a consensus regarding how the treatment reduces depressive symptoms and provides protection from relapse and recurrence has yet to be reached. We review the current state of the research addressing the process of change in cognitive therapy, highlighting how specific methodological features can be used to better understand the process by which this treatment achieves its effects. We highlight the importance of two key challenges to making causal inferences from a process–outcome relation: (a) establishing the temporal precedence of predictors to outcome variables, and (b) evaluating whether any relations identified could be spurious. We argue that methodologically rigorous studies tend to support key claims of the model underlying cognitive therapy of depression. We conclude by considering future directions. For example, we highlight the importance of efforts to understand patient characteristics that may moderate process–outcome relations and could ultimately prove useful in tailoring treatment to best suit individual patients.     

共情的毕生发展:一个双过程的视角

共情中包含情绪和认知两种加工过程,二者有着不同的发展轨迹和机制。其中情绪共情是一种与生俱来的能力,从婴儿期直到成年期呈现下降趋势,到老年阶段有所上升,呈现出U形发展轨迹。其发展可能是由于镜像神经元储存的共享表征日益丰富和精细。认知共情发展相对较晚,从出生直到成年期呈现上升趋势,在老年阶段逐渐下降,呈现倒U形的发展轨迹。其发展是随着颞顶联合区和前额叶皮层成熟、个体区分自我他人和抑制自我中心能力增强而逐渐发展的。只有分别考察两个成分的发展才能了解共情发展的本质和机制。     

Children's supernatural thinking as a signalling behaviour in early childhood

In this study, we analysed the reaction times of 137 college students when making decisions on pairs of hypothetical children verbalizing different types of vignettes and/or exhibiting different physical appearance (photographs of faces). Vignettes depicted immature and mature versions of both supernatural (e.g., ‘The sun's not out today because it's mad’ vs. ‘The sun's not out today because the clouds are blocking it’) and natural (‘I can remember all 20 cards!’ vs. ‘I can remember 6 or 7 cards’) explanations to ordinary phenomena. Photographs of children's faces were morphed with a physical appearance of approximately 4–7 years old or approximately 8–10 years old. In earlier research, immature supernatural thinking produced positive‐affect reactions from adults and older adolescents (14–18 years old) towards young children, with cognitive cues being more important than physical‐appearance cues in influencing adults’ judgements. Reaction times to make decisions varied for the Supernatural and Natural vignettes and for the immature and mature vignettes/faces, reflecting the differential cognitive effort adults used for making decisions about aspects of children's physical appearance and verbal expressions. The findings were interpreted in terms of the critical role that young children's immature supernatural thinking has on adults’ perception, analogous to the evolved role of immature physical features on adults’ perception of infants.     

医疗机构伦理审查委员会独立性评价指标体系构建

伦理审查委员会独立性是保障伦理审查过程及决策的科学性与伦理合理性的重要措施,也是保护受试者安全与权益的基本要求。通过文献检索、法规解读、专家小组讨论、德尔菲专家函询法进行筛选指标,确定医疗机构伦理审查委员会独立性评价指标体系及各指标权重,最终形成的指标体系共3项一级指标,11项二级指标,37项三级指标。该指标体系从伦理审查委员会设置、运行、内涵建设三个维度,建立了以独立性为框架的科学全面的独立性评价指标体系,为建设与评价伦理审查委员会独立性提供参考。