Retrospective questions and correlations

In survey research it is not uncommon to ask questions of the following type: “How many times did you undertake actiona in reference periodT of length τ?.” The relationship is established between τ and the correlation of the number of reported actions with some background variable. To this end it is assumed that the process of actions satisfies a renewal model with individual heterogeneity. Also a model has to be formulated for possible recall effects. Applications are given in the field of medical consumption.     

Clustering with relational constraint

The paper deals with clustering problems where grouping is constrained by a symmetric and reflexive relation. For solving clustering problems with relational constraints two methods are adapted: the standard hierarchical clustering procedure based on the Lance and Williams formula, and local optimization procedure, CLUDIA. To illustrate these procedures, clusterings of the European countries are given based on the developmental indicators where the relation is determined by the geographical neighbourhoods of countries.Extended version of the paper presented at the European meeting of the Psychometric Society, Groningen, June, 19–21, 1980.This work was supported in part by the Boris Kidri Fund, Yugoslavia.     

Factor analysis by instrumental variables methods

Three alternative estimation procedures for factor analysis based on the instrumental variables method are presented. These procedures are justified by the method of least squares. Formulas for asymptotic standard errors of factor loadings are derived. The procedures are empirically compared to the method of maximum likelihood. The conclusion, based on the data used in this study, is that two of the procedures seem to work well.     

Initial response to rape: The impact of factors within the rape situation

The relationship between specific aspects of the rape situation and immediate post-rape measures of depression, fear, anxiety, and social and interpersonal functioning in 50 recent victims of sexual assault was examined. The data failed to reveal any significant relationships between rape situation variables (e.g., stranger vs. known assailant, weapon vs. no weapon) and the nature or severity of the victims' psychological response. It is emphasized that this negative finding contradicts previous and current clinical lore, and has a number of implications for the assessment and treatment of rape victims.This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH#29692) to the first two authors.     

Affinity propagation: An exemplar-based tool for clustering in psychological research

Affinity propagation is a message-passing-based clustering procedure that has received widespread attention in domains such as biological science, physics, and computer science. However, its implementation in psychology and related areas of social science is comparatively scant. In this paper, we describe the basic principles of affinity propagation, its relationship to other clustering problems, and the types of data for which it can be used for cluster analysis. More importantly, we identify the strengths and weaknesses of affinity propagation as a clustering tool in general and highlight potential opportunities for its use in psychological research. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the method.     

情绪形容词词义的模糊赋值

353名大学生被试用模糊赋值方法对表示喜、怒、哀、惧四种基本情绪的48个形容词的强度和复杂度作语义经验赋值。结果表明：①强度和复杂度是两个不同的情绪评定维度,两者间的情绪形容词模糊语义赋值结果没有必然联系。②在强度和复杂度赋值上,各词的取值基本符合人们日常对这些词所表达情绪体验的理解,性别的量表值存在较大一致性。③男、女生在赋值上的差异主要表现在各词位次和把握度的不同,这种差异可能与性别差异的情绪经验及个体差异有关。④大学生情绪形容词模糊语义赋值的把握度总体上都较高,各词的语义在两个维度上都存在一定的模糊性。⑤根据各词强度赋值隶属度数据计算的模糊距离测度和Phi方关联测度得到了四类形容词相似的聚类分析结果。     

子团队:形成、类型、中间过程及影响

子团队是指在团队断裂带作用下而形成的一种集合体,它是对团队多样化深入探讨后所产生的结果,并已经逐渐成为团队研究的热点。从子团队的定义出发,对子团队的形成基础、类型、作用于绩效的过程变量、对团队结果的影响以及伴随这些环节的调节因素进行论述,并在此基础之上建构了子团队研究框架图。最后提出未来的研究应该对领导、情感、国家背景、社会网络和子团队测度在子团队研究中所扮演的角色做进一步的探索。     

“Minimax length links” of a dissimilarity matrix and minimum spanning trees

A theorem is proved stating that the set of all minimax links, defined as links minimizing, over paths, the maximum length of links in any path connecting a pair of objects comprising nodes in an undirected weighted graph, comprise the union of all minimum spanning trees of that graph. This theorem is related to methods of fitting network models to dissimilarity data, particularly a method called Pathfinder due to Schvaneveldt and his colleagues, as well as to single linkage clustering, and results concerning the relationship between minimum spanning trees and single linkage hierarchical trees.Acknowledgments: The author thanks Phipps Arabie, Lawrence J. Hubert, and K. Christoph Klauer for a number of helpful suggestions and comments on various aspects of this paper.