防御机制研究概述

20世纪90年代以来,研究者们对防御机制和无意识过程的兴趣再次增强,出现了一系列实验和临床研究。文章简要回顾了防御机制的研究历史,然后概述当前学术领域和临床实践中对防御机制的研究。     

Caregiver involvement in applied behavior-analytic research: A scoping review and discussion

We conducted a scoping review to characterize the role of caregiver involvement in behavior-analytic research. We reviewed eight behavioral-learning journals from 2011–2022 for works that included children or caregivers as participants and characterized caregiver involvement as passive (implications for caregivers, input, social validity) and active (implementation, caregiver behavior, training, caregiver-collected data). The review identified 228 studies, and almost all (96.1%; n = 219) involved caregivers in some capacity; 94.3% (n = 215) had passive involvement (26.8% had only passive involvement; n = 61), 69.3% (n = 158) had active involvement (1.8% had only active involvement; n = 4), and 3.9% (n = 9) had neither passive nor active involvement. Involvement generally increased over publication years. The most common types of involvement were implications for caregivers, implementation, and input; caregiver-collected data were rare. We propose considerations when engaging caregivers in research and suggest new avenues of inquiry related to caregivers' treatment objectives and social validity, treatment implementers, and caregiver-collected data.     

A comparative effectiveness trial of functional behavioral assessment methods

Clinicians report primarily using functional behavioral assessment (FBA) methods that do not include functional analyses. However, studies examining the correspondence between functional analyses and other types of FBAs have produced inconsistent results. In addition, although functional analyses are considered the gold standard, their contribution toward successful treatment compared with other FBA methods remains unclear. This comparative effectiveness study, conducted with 57 young children with autism spectrum disorder, evaluated the results of FBAs that did (n = 26) and did not (n = 31) include a functional analysis. Results of FBAs with and without functional analyses showed modest correspondence. All participants who completed functional communication training achieved successful outcomes regardless of the type of FBA conducted.     

An in-Vivo Daily Self-Report Approach to the Assessment of Outcomes of Two Psychotherapies for Women With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Emotion regulation and interpersonal psychotherapies that do not require trauma memory processing have been shown to be effective in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study used a novel method to assess in vivo outcomes in a randomized clinical trial with women (N = 147; ages 18–54; 61% of color; 94% low income) with full (79%) or partial (21%) PTSD. Participants were assigned to affect regulation or interpersonal therapy, or wait-list, and completed daily self-reports for 2 to 4 weeks at baseline and up to 30 days at posttest. Mixed model regression analyses tested pre-post change on five factor analytically derived aggregated daily self-report scores. Emotion regulation-focused therapy was associated with reduced PTSD symptoms, dysregulation, and negative affect, and improvement in adaptive self-regulation and positive affect. Interpersonal-focused therapy was associated with reduced PTSD symptoms and dysregulation. Although both therapies were associated with reduced PTSD symptoms, whether this was due to nonspecific factors rather than the treatments per se could not be determined. Daily self-report data warrant further investigation in psychotherapy research with disorders such as PTSD, in order to assess affective and interpersonal dysregulation and adaptive regulation as they occur in daily life.     

《史记·扁鹊仓公列传》的治疗学思想

《史记·扁鹊仓公列传》是记述扁鹊和仓公医事活动的专篇.目前,中医界大多集中在对其原文的医古文语言学分析、扁鹊和仓公医事活动年代的考证、所载病案的病因病机与诊法的探讨等方面,而专篇探讨扁鹊和仓公治疗学思想的研究尚缺,本文就此加以论述,并与《内经》简单地对照.     

诺贝尔生理学或医学奖美国获得者学术条件背景分析

在诺贝尔生理学或医学奖105年的历史中,美国分别占了颁奖年度的52.08%,获奖成果的44.87%,获奖人数的48.91%.形成这些科学家学术优势积累和美国国家科技竞争优势的学术条件背景是:适宜的宏观政策,充足的经费投入,成功的人才政策,根本的教育改革和创新的科技管理.     

成人气管、支气管异物误诊原因之辩证分析

气管、支气管异物是耳鼻喉科常见疾病,但成人气管、支气管异物较少见,因异物吸入史不明确、临床表现不典型,常易误诊。利用哲学原理辩证分析其误诊的主客观原因,以提高对成人气管、支气管异物认识,减少误诊,防止误治。哲学对于当前临床医学是十分重要的。     

整形外科的临床治疗决策分析

在生物心理社会医学模式下,以循证医学为基础的共享型临床决策成为主导。整形外科疾病有着诊断容易、治疗方法多样、效果不一、患者年龄小、心理脆弱、大众认知有一定误区等特点,更需要在情感和实践上体现对患者的理解和尊重,真正实现医生患者共同参与的共享型临床决策。     

森田疗法与认知行为疗法的比较分析

规律是客观的,而规则具有主观性,虽然两者本质上不同,但他们又是相关的。从口腔临床医学规则的制定过程来看,我们不难得出结论:口腔临床医学规则的制定要遵循临床医学的一般规律,突出口腔临床医学的特点,并受到我国经济、文化、政治等因素的影响,且随着这些因素的改变而改变,以适应新的环境条件。