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131.
It can be argued that the well‐substantiated relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult personality disorder (PD) symptoms may be confounded by comorbid symptoms of depression, anxiety or dysfunctional childhood family environments. Therefore, the current study was designed to test the hypothesis that retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment would still be significantly related to reports of more PD symptoms when statistically controlling for these factors. One hundred and seventy‐eight non‐clinical participants were divided into groups reporting childhood maltreatment (n = 54) or not (n = 124) according to scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Participants also completed questionnaires measuring current depression, anxiety, and PD symptoms as well as retrospective reports of their childhood environment. Results showed that individuals reporting childhood maltreatment reported more symptoms of PD than those not reporting childhood maltreatment, even when statistically controlling for depression, anxiety and retrospective reports of dysfunctional family environment. These findings underscore the relevance and independent contribution of childhood maltreatment to the development of PDs, with important implications for further research and clinical practice. 相似文献
132.
David W Munro Jennifer Stephenson Henry Roane 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):795-800
The use of response cards during whole‐class English vocabulary instruction was evaluated. Five low‐participating students were observed during hand‐raising conditions and response‐card conditions to observe the effects of response cards on student responding and test scores and teacher questions and feedback. Responding and test scores were higher for all targeted students in the response‐card condition. The teacher asked a similar number of questions in both conditions; however, she provided more feedback in the response‐card condition. 相似文献
133.
Environmental enrichment improves behavioral performance and auditory spatial representation of primary auditory cortical neurons in rat 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rui Cai Fei Guo Jiping Zhang Jinghong Xu Yilei Cui Xinde Sun 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2009,91(4):366-376
Environmental enrichment (EE) has an important role in brain plasticity. Early research has shown that EE increases the response strength of neurons in the auditory cortex, but it remains unknown whether EE can influence the process of spatial localization in the auditory system. In this study, we raised rats in enriched and standard conditions from postnatal day 10 to day 56. By testing behavioral tasks via auditory cues, we have shown that EE improved the number of correct scores, but decreased the reaction time and azimuth deviation in behavioral performance of sound-azimuth discrimination. By in vivo extracellular recording, we have shown that EE enhanced the directional sensitivity of neurons in the primary auditory cortex. For example, EE rats had a smaller spatial receptive field, sharper frequency tuning curve and directional selective curve of auditory neurons compared with normal rats. Our findings indicate that early exposure to EE increases directional sensitivity. These results provide an insight into developmental plasticity in the auditory system. 相似文献
134.
Delkeskamp-Hayes Corinna 《Christian Bioethics: Non-Ecumenical Studies in Medical Morality》2009,15(1):1-16
This introduction supplies further bearing points for the conceptualmap, which the introduction to the previous issue on Europeanbioethics (2008/1) had provided for sorting out the variousdimension in which the essays collected in these issues resembleand differ from each other. Special attention is devoted tocommunication, as diverse Christianities attend to differentpurposes, problems, and opportunities for normatively engaging(persuading, influencing, ruling, opposing, and converting)their surrounding secularized cultures. These differences reflectincompatible ways of conceiving Christ's acts of healing, asthese provide a model for His disciples' bioethics. These differencesalso reflect diversely rationalist and noetic epistemologies.The subtext concerns the haunting question about the enduringsustainability of a specifically Christian bioethics in Europe.As Schotsmans opts for a Roman Catholicism that is not recognizedas such by his Magisterium, as Muller transforms Protestantisminto a religiously nonhostile laicity, as Messer and Silva daBarbosa hope for the prophetic impact of communal "cities onthe hill," and as the Orthodox pursue the conversion of WesternEurope in Greek, Russian, and Rumanian, ongoing Divine miraclespresent the most realistic hope. 相似文献
135.
Emily R. Batty Laurie L. Bloomfield Marcia L. Spetch Christopher B. Sturdy 《Animal cognition》2009,12(4):633-641
Since Cheng (Cognition 23:149–178, 1986) first proposed the “geometric module” in rats, a great deal of research has focused
on how other species use geometric information and how geometric encoding may differ across species. Here, hand-reared and
wild-caught black-capped chickadees and wild-caught mountain chickadees searched for food hidden in one corner in a rectangular
environment. Previous research has shown that mountain chickadees do not spontaneously encode geometric information when a
salient feature is present near the goal location. Using a slightly different training and testing procedure, we found that
both hand-reared and wild-caught black-capped chickadees encoded geometric information, even in the presence of a salient
landmark. Some, but not all, mountain chickadees also encoded geometric information. Overall, our results suggest that use
of geometric information may be a less preferred strategy for mountain chickadees than for either wild-caught or hand-reared
black-capped chickadees. To our knowledge, this is the first direct interspecies comparison of use of geometric information
in a spatial orientation task. 相似文献
136.
137.
Stephen A. Petrill Kirby Deater‐Deckard Christopher Schatschneider Chayna Davis 《Infant and child development》2007,16(2):171-191
Evidence from intervention studies, quantitative genetic and molecular genetic studies suggests that genetic, and to a lesser extent, shared environmental influences are important to the development of reading and related cognitive skills. The Northeast‐Northwest Collaborative Adoption Projects (N2CAP) is a sample of 241 adoptive families, containing 354 children and their adoptive parents. Negative parent outcome × child age interactions significantly predicted child outcomes, suggesting that shared environmental influences related to parent–offspring resemblance, although modest, are most salient in younger children. Additional analyses suggested that identified measures of the family environment largely accounted for these parent–offspring correlations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
138.
The present study considered the relation between adolescent gambling behavior and the perceived environment, the component
of Jessor and Jessor’s (1977) Problem Behavior Theory that assesses the ways that adolescents perceive the attitudes and behaviors
of parents and peers. The predominantly African-American sample included 188 sophomores from two urban public high schools.
Using the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents to assess gambling risk, rates of both at-risk (20.7%) and problem
(12.8%) gambling were found to be high. Boys displayed more gambling problems than did girls. The perceived environment accounted
for significant variance in gambling problems and frequency, with proximal components displaying stronger relationships than
distal components. Perceiving parent gambling and friend models for problem behavior were positively correlated with gambling
problems, and friend models were positively related to gambling frequency. Among girls, family support was positively related
to gambling problems. Among boys, this relation was negative.
The authors Emerson M. Wickwire, Jr. James P. Whelan, and Andrew W. Meyers are members of The Institute for Gambling Education
and Research, Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN. The primary research interest of this group
is the prevention and treatment of gambling related problems.
David M. Murray, Ph.D., is the Chair of the Division of Epidemiology at the School of Public Health, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH. 相似文献
139.
Few genetically-informative studies have attempted to explicitly identify the shared environmental (i.e., those environmental influences that contribute to sibling similarity) factors now known to contribute to adolescent delinquency. The current study therefore examined whether the parent-child relationship served as one source of these shared environmental influences. Participants were 610 adoptive and biological families from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS). Parents and adolescents reported on their parent-child conflict and parental involvement with child, and adolescents reported on their own delinquent behaviors. We employed structural equation modeling and supplementary multilevel modeling, finding consistent evidence that the association between delinquency and the parent-child relationship is at least partially shared environmental in origin. Such findings provide an important extension of previous twin studies, as they suggest that passive genotype-environment correlations do not explain earlier findings of shared environmental influences on this association. 相似文献
140.
本研究以982名初中学生为被试,采用验证性因素分析和多元回归方法对个人目标取向、课堂目标结构及文化因素与学业求助策略的关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)个人目标取向可以区分出任务取向、趋向型自我取向和逃避型自我取向,它们对学业求助的影响是不同的,只有逃避型自我取向的学生才倾向于作不利于学习的执行性求助。(2)课堂目标结构对学业求助有影响 ,在任务取向的课堂里 ,学生倾向于作工具性求助。(3)文化因素对学业求助有影响。认同中国求助格言的学生愿意作工具性求助,在意他人评价的学生倾向于回避求助或作执行性求助。(4)个人目标取向、课堂目标结构和文化因素对不同年级学生学业求助的影响模式不同。 相似文献