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141.
142.
Both the speed and accuracy of responding are important measures of performance. A well-known interpretive difficulty is that
participants may differ in their strategy, trading speed for accuracy, with no change in underlying competence. Another difficulty
arises when participants respond slowly and inaccurately (rather than quickly but inaccurately), e.g., due to a lapse of attention.
We introduce an approach that combines response time and accuracy information and addresses both situations. The modeling
framework assumes two latent competing processes. The first, the error-free process, always produces correct responses. The
second, the guessing process, results in all observed errors and some of the correct responses (but does so via non-specific
processes, e.g., guessing in compliance with instructions to respond on each trial). Inferential summaries of the speed of
the error-free process provide a principled assessment of cognitive performance reducing the influences of both fast and slow
guesses. Likelihood analysis is discussed for the basic model and extensions. The approach is applied to a data set on response
times in a working memory test.
The authors wish to thank Roger Ratcliff, Christopher Chabris, and three anonymous referees for their helpful comments, and
Aureliu Lavric for providing the data analyzed in this paper. 相似文献
143.
In this paper, we apply sequential one-sided confidence interval estimation procedures with β-protection to adaptive mastery
testing. The procedures of fixed-width and fixed proportional accuracy confidence interval estimation can be viewed as extensions
of one-sided confidence interval procedures. It can be shown that the adaptive mastery testing procedure based on a one-sided
confidence interval with β-protection is more efficient in terms of test length than a testing procedure based on a two-sided/fixed-width
confidence interval. Some simulation studies applying the one-sided confidence interval procedure and its extensions mentioned
above to adaptive mastery testing are conducted. For the purpose of comparison, we also have a numerical study of adaptive
mastery testing based on Wald's sequential probability ratio test. The comparison of their performances is based on the correct
classification probability, averages of test length, as well as the width of the “indifference regions.” From these empirical
results, we found that applying the one-sided confidence interval procedure to adaptive mastery testing is very promising. 相似文献
144.
For the exploratory analysis of a matrix of proximities or (dis)similarities between objects, one often uses cluster analysis
(CA) or multidimensional scaling (MDS). Solutions resulting from such analyses are sometimes interpreted using external information
on the objects. Usually the procedures of CA, MDS and using external information are carried out independently and sequentially,
although combinations of two of the three procedures (CA and MDS, or multidimensional scaling and using external information)
have been proposed in the literature. The present paper offers a procedure that combines all three procedures in one analysis,
using a model that describes a partition of objects with cluster centroids represented in a low-dimensional space, which in
turn is related to the information in the external variables. A simulation study is carried out to demonstrate that the method
works satisfactorily for data with a known underlying structure. Also, to illustrate the method, it is applied to two empirical
data sets. 相似文献
145.
Liechty, Pieters & Wedel (2003) developed a hidden Markov Model (HMM) to identify the states of an attentional process in an advertisement viewing task. This work is significant because it demonstrates the benefits of stochastic modeling and Bayesian estimation in making inferences about cognitive processes based on eye movement data. One limitation of the proposed approach is that attention is conceptualized as an autonomous random process that is affected neither by the overall layout of the stimulus nor by the visual information perceived during the current fixation. An alternative model based on the input-output hidden Markov model (IOHMM; Bengio, 1999) is suggested as an extension of the HMM. The need for further studies that validate the HMM classification results is also discussed. 相似文献
146.
People often place undue weight on specific sources of information (case cues) and insufficient weight on more global sources (base rates) even when the latter are highly predictive, a phenomenon termed base-rate neglect. This phenomenon was first demonstrated with paper-and-pencil tasks, and also occurs in a matching-to-sample procedure in which subjects directly experience case sample (cue) accuracy and base rates, and in which discrete, nonverbal choices are made. In two nonverbal experiments, subjects were exposed to hundreds of trials in which they chose between two response options that were both probabilistically reinforced. In Experiment 1, following one of two possible samples (the unpredictive sample), either response was reinforced with a .5 probability. The other sample (predictive) provided reinforcement for matching on 80% of the trials in one condition but in only 20% of the trials in another condition. Subjects' choices following the unpredictive sample were determined primarily by the contingencies in effect for the predictive sample: If matching was reinforced following the predictive sample, subjects tended to match the unpredictive sample as well; if countermatching the predictive sample was generally reinforced, subjects tended to countermatch the unpredictive sample. These results demonstrate only weak control by base rates. In Experiment 2, base rates and sample accuracy were simultaneously varied in opposite directions to keep one set of conditional probabilities constant. Subjects' choices were determined primarily by the overall accuracy of the sample, again demonstrating only weak control by base rates. The same pattern of choice occurred whether this pattern increased or decreased rate of reinforcement. Together, the results of the two experiments provide a clear empirical demonstration of base-rate neglect. 相似文献
147.
148.
Ladislav Tondl 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1998,29(2):245-264
The paper justifies the concept of “thematic structure” or “order of knowledge” over the traditional “classification of sciences”
due to the uncertainty of many classification criteria. The thematic structure of science has, of course, various levels and
various dimensions. Arguments against any forms of separating the humanities from sciences in the traditional sense of the
term are presented and discussed. Equally unacceptable are attempts at sharp separation of technical disciplines and humanities.
The thematic structure of humanities is not created by some material aspects but rather through the interest — or problem-oriented
aspects. In addition to the natural sciences and the humanities there exists an important sphere of sciences on artefacts
or, using the term by H. Simon, the sciences of the artificial. For the contemporary research activities is typical what could
be denoted as “interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary complex.” The paper traces a set of epistemological criteria for the
justification of the relative independence of a scientific discipline.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
149.
Jo Hennessy Bill Mabey Peter Warr 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》1998,6(4):222-231
Concern about the construct validity of assessment centre judgements has led to calls for research into observers’ cognitive processes. In an experiment comparing the Traditional observation procedure against use of a Behavioural Checklist and of Behavioural Coding, six outcome variables were examined. The methods were found to yield similar outcomes in terms of accuracy of judgement, accuracy of written evidence, correlation between dimension ratings, and attitude toward the method employed. However, significant between-method differences were observed in variability between observers and in their willingness to recommend a procedure. It is argued that Behavioural Coding has special merit in assessment centres; the method reduces the cognitive demands placed on assessors, and valuably structures their information-processing. Traditional objections to simultaneous observation and classification are shown to be inappropriate. 相似文献
150.