The effects of lesions in the central nucleus of the amygdala on appetitive classical conditioning in rats

Abstract: Lesions in the central nucleus of the amygdala (cAMY) have been known to interfere with the acquisition of fear classical conditioning when footshock is used as an unconditioned stimulus (US). The present study examined whether or not a similar interference would occur with an appetitive US. Five rats with lesions in the cAMY (the cAMY group), and eight unoperated control rats were trained in an appetitive classical conditioning paradigm, which did not include elements of operant learning, using a visual conditioned stimulus (CS) (5 W of light for 10 s duration) paired with a food pellet US (45 mg, cheese flavor). The behavioral index of appetitive conditioning was an increase in rearing approach behavior to the CS after CS and US pairings. During CS and US pairings, the movement of the rat was limited so that this approach behavior could not occur. As a result, all control rats showed an increase in rearing, but the cAMY group did not. These results suggest that the cAMY is critical for appetitive as well as fear classical conditioning.     

1987～2008年我国安全感研究现状的文献计量学分析

对收录在中国期刊网上的274条安全感文章题录（1979～2008年）进行计量学分析,结果表明：1）安全感研究呈逐年增长的趋势;2）发表的期刊比较广泛,心理学类期刊、社会类期刊、医学类期刊及各院校的学报上都有涉及;3）研究主要考察整个社会群体,并且已经涉及到如学生、企业员工和患者等群体;4）研究领域主要集中在安全感的相关因素;5）合作研究已经成为安全感研究的研究趋势;6）研究论文总体上的项目资助力度还不够;7）普通高校特别是高等师范院校是进行科研的主要机构。     

On structural models for analyzing change

The recommendation to base the analysis of multi-wave data upon explicit models for change is advocated. Several univariate and multivariate models are described, which emerge from an interaction between the classical test theory and the structural equation modeling approach. The resulting structural models for analyzing change reflect in some of their parameters substantively interesting aspects of intra- and interindividual change in follow-up studies. The models are viewed as an alternative to an ANOVA-based analysis of longitudinal data, and are illustrated on data from a cognitive intervention study of old adults (Bakes et al , 1986). The approach presents a useful means of analyzing change over time, and is applicable for purposes of (latent) growth curve analysis when analysis of variance assumptions are violated (e.g., Schaie & Hertzog, 1982; Morrison, 1976).     

How Revolutionary is the Holy Spirit?

Most theologians agree that the early church neglected the Holy Spirit in formulations of the Trinity, and in recent years, many books have been written to redress this deficiency. Pentecostal theologians are especially invested in recovering a fuller doctrine of the Holy Spirit. These two monographs, one by an established scholar (Steve Studebaker) and the other by a relative newcomer (Andrew Gabriel), are among the best on this topic. Both are unafraid to be critical of Pentecostal theology and both are valuable for their specificity. Gabriel revises the divine attributes of classical theism while Studebaker goes even further by arguing that the Holy Spirit constitutes the Trinity. Neither author is sympathetic to Social Trinitarianism, and Studebaker in particular is critical of Richard of Saint Victor, who is often credited as an early progenitor of the social model. This first complete translation of Richard's treatise on the Trinity, by Ruben Angelici, reveals a radical view of the Holy Spirit and thus needs to be taken seriously by all future discussions of this topic. Richard not only gives the Holy Spirit its own personal identity but also ties the Spirit to God's power of listening, just as the Son is God's Word.     

典型自立者人格特征初探

用包含 2个问题的开放式问卷对 2 1 5名被试进行了调查 ,结果如下 :①共获得 1 0 6位自立者 ,被试最认同的典型自立者是郝思嘉、简·爱、孙少平和保尔·柯察金 4人 ;②被试更喜欢选择与自己同性别的自立者 ;③坚韧性、独立性、成熟性、主动性、道德性和开放性是被试最看重的自立者人格特征。最后 ,还对自立与自强的关系以及自立者人格特征等问题进行了讨论 ,认为 :①独立性、主动性、责任性、开放性与灵活性大致是自立者的 5种基本人格特征 ;②从自立到自强是一个连续体 ,但他们有不同的人格特征 ;③自立可以区分为特质自立和情境自立。     

幽门螺杆菌研究历程的启示

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacterpylori,Hp)的发现被视为现代消化疾病研究领域的一个里程碑,其发现者澳大利亚科学家马歇尔(Barry J.Marshall)和沃伦(J.Robin Warren)被授予2005年度诺贝尔医学奖.通过对幽门螺杆菌研究历程的反思,我们可以得到以下启示:对疾病的认识是一个曲折的探索过程;实践与理论的互动促进科学发展;科学发现是偶然性和必然性的统一;科学研究需要耐得住寂寞,持之以恒;科学需要创新,循规蹈矩不可能创造任何奇迹;科学是一种社会活动,需要良好的合作和互助.     

我国环境审计研究回顾与展望

上世纪90年代以来,随着环境问题的日益突出以及环保观念的日益增强,我国涌现出大量环境审计研究成果,其主题既涉及环境审计的概念、目标、对象、理论框架等基本理论,也涉及环境审计技术方法等应用理论。然而,现有研究存在过于偏重基本理论而忽视应用理论、过于偏重规范分析而忽视实证研究、过于偏重合规性政府环境审计而忽视环境绩效审计以及企业环境审计等不足。未来应当在借鉴国外有益经验的基础上,联系我国实际,综合运用多种方法,进一步对环境审计的理论框架、主体等问题展开系统研究,尤其应在进一步研究政府环境审计相关理论和应用问题的同时加大企业环境审计的研究力度。     

Barriers and Bridges to Intimacy and Mutuality: A Critical Review of Sexual Advice Found in Self-Help Bestsellers

Sexuality in a committed relationship is based ideally on both intimacy and mutuality. Gender socialization may limit women's and men's capacities in these two important areas of sexual relationships. This article describes the results of a content analysis of nine best-selling popular press books on the New York Times Bestseller List between 1988 and 1998 according to their advice related to sexual intimacy and mutuality. Books were analyzed to determine the degree to which they built barriers or bridges to the development of intimacy and mutuality. Results indicate that while most authors offered advice that built bridges to intimacy, several built barriers to the development of mutuality. Implications for therapists are discussed.     

CLASSICAL THEISM, PANENTHEISM, AND PANTHEISM: ON THE RELATION BETWEEN GOD CONSTRUCTION AND GENDER CONSTRUCTION

Abstract. The argument of this article is that, philosophically, there are but three broad conceptual models that Western thought employs in thinking about the meaning of God. At the level of greatest generality, these are the models known as classical theism, pantheism, and panentheism. The essay surveys and updates these three conceptual models in light of recent writings, finds more flaws in classical theism and panentheism than in pantheism, and suggests a feminist response to each.