Socially mediated learning in male Betta splendens. III: Rapid acquisitions

In four experiments with male Siamese fighting fish, the classical conditioning of visual/spatial cues with elicitors of aggression was demonstrated. These studies show that this type of socially mediated learning is more rapidly conditioned than was previously known. One 15-min training session is adequate to condition a preference for those cues that had recently been paired with conspecific images. Finally, behavior occurring during acquisition, in the presence of aggression-eliciting cues, was uncorrelated with the magnitude of the learned preferences that were assayed during extinction tests and in the absence of social stimuli.     

A Comparison of Modern and Popular Approaches to Calculating Reliability for Dichotomously Scored Items

Recent work on reliability coefficients has largely focused on continuous items, including critiques of Cronbach’s alpha. Although two new model-based reliability coefficients have been proposed for dichotomous items (Dimitrov, 2003a,b; Green & Yang, 2009a), these approaches have yet to be compared to each other or other popular estimates of reliability such as omega, alpha, and the greatest lower bound. We seek computational improvements to one of these model-based reliability coefficients and, in addition, conduct initial Monte Carlo simulations to compare coefficients using dichotomous data. Our results suggest that such improvements to the model-based approach are warranted, while model-based approaches were generally superior.     

SOME CORRELATIONS BETWEEN METHODS OF KNOWING AND THEOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN ARTHUR PEACOCKE'S PERSONALISTIC PANENTHEISM AND NONPERSONAL NATURALISTIC THEISM

Differences in methods of knowing correlate with differences in concepts about what is known. This is an underlying issue in science and religion. It is seen, first, in Arthur Peacocke's reasoning about God as transcendent and personal, is based on an assumption of correlative thinking that like causes like. This contrasts with a notion of causation in empirical science, which explains the emergence of new phenomena as originating from temporally prior phenomena quite unlike that which emerges. The scientific understanding of causation is compatible with a naturalistic theism that holds a nonpersonal model of God as the creative process. However, focusing on the immanence of God, there is a second correlation between methods of knowing and concepts of God. Classical empiricism, used by science, correlates with God understood nonpersonally as the creative process. Radical empiricism, in which feelings and not only sense perceptions have cognitive import, opens up the possibility that one can experience Peacocke's personal, panentheistic God as pattern‐forming influence. I illustrate this second method‐concept correlation with a personal experience.     

透析GT信度观及其存在的问题

概化理论(GT)与经典测验理论(CTT)是随机测量模型下信度评量的重要理论来源。本文将重复测量作为理解概化理论产生与建构的切入点,剖析了GT在测验假设、全域分思想与误差观三方面的特点,提出了目前GT在理论与应用方面存在的若干问题与不足。     

SPACE,TIME, AND CAUSALITY

The characters of space, time, and causality are issues that are constrained by physics but that require also acts of metaphysical decision. Relativity theory is consistent both with the idea of an a temporal block universe and with a temporal universe of true becoming. Science's account of causal properties is patchy and does not imply the closure of the universe to other forms of causal influence. Intrinsic unpredictabilities offer opportunities for metaphysical conjecture concerning the form that such additional causal principles might take. Different theological understandings of how God relates to time afford legitimate criteria for differing metaphysical decisions about the nature of temporality.     

意识新论

重新思考审视意识的特性：（1）意识是生命的重要组成。（2）在经典物理学领域,意识是生命的独特功能。在量子物理学领域,意识是宇宙万物的特性,以规则、意义和规律来表达。（3）意识包含精神与物质两种性状,但同时也是非物质非精神的。（4）意识可以穿越不同的时空。（5）意识能够产生能量。（6）意识可以分成四大类。（7）不同机体的意识可以相互交流。（8）意识可以遗传。（9）意识永恒存在。（10）意识可以因各种原因被重叠、掩盖或者忘记（意识非记忆）,但是在一定情况下,可以重新被发掘出来。     

论诠释在中医经典化形成中的意义——以《温病条辨》为中心

中医经典化的形成受多种因素的影响,以《温病条辨》为例,探索诠释在中医经典化的形成过程中的作用。结果表明,《温病条辨》作为一部重要的中医典籍,本身就是在阐释早期中医经典的基础上,经过了后世医家的诠释、研究和实践,才逐步确立了中医经典的地位。诠释在《温病条辨》经典化的形成过程中发挥了重要作用：吴鞠通通过“以论释经”的传统性诠释、“以病诠经”的临床实践性诠释、社会性传播诠释和学术性传播诠释,使其根于经典、成于临床、要在革新、广泛流传、普遍接受,创造性地促进了《温病条辨》经典化的形成。

     

从张之洞、吴汝纶经学课程观看清末儒学传统的中断

清末新政教育改革使传统上处于核心地位的经学课程失去其重要地位 ,致使儒学面临中断的威胁 ,这是与权力中心接近、受经学熏陶的官绅亲手从正反两面促成的 ,他们在情理上必然处于紧张对立状态 ,在理性上吸收西方知识 ,在情感上对经学依恋不舍。通过对历史发展的理论预设和对张之洞、吴汝纶经学课程设置观的典型分析 ,既可以揭示他们心理趋向的异同 ,也可以反观中国近代文化发展的内在线索。     

Fictionalism about musical works

The debate concerning the ontological status of musical works is perhaps the most animated debate in contemporary analytic philosophy of music. In my view, progress requires a piecemeal approach. So in this article I hone in on one particular musical work concept – that of the classical Western art musical work; that is, the work concept that regulates classical art-musical practice. I defend a fictionalist analysis – a strategy recently suggested by Andrew Kania as potentially fruitful – and I develop a version of such an analysis in line with a broad commitment to philosophical naturalism.     

Illustration of Multilevel Explanatory IRT Model DIF Testing with the Creative Thinking Scale

Creativity has been well studied in the past several decades, and numerous measures have been developed to assess creativity. However, validity evidence associated with each measure is often mixed. In particular, the social consequence aspect of validity has received little attention. This is partly due to the difficulty of testing for differential item functioning (DIF) within the traditional classical test theory framework, which still remains the most popular approach to assessing creativity. Hence, this study provides an example of examining differential item functioning using multilevel explanatory item response theory models. The Creative Thinking Scale was tested for DIF in a sample of 1043 10th–12th graders. Results revealed significant uniform and non-uniform DIF for some items. Differentially functioning items are able to produce measurement bias and should be either deleted or modeled. The detailed implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.