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61.
Farrel R. Robinson Patricia M. Rice Jeffrey R. Holleman Theodore W. Berger 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2001,76(3):358-374
The projection of the magnocellular red nucleus (RNm) to the region of the accessory abducens nucleus (AABD) was traced in rabbit using the bidirectional tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). In one set of animals, recordings of antidromic responses from RNm neurons elicited by electrical stimulation of the rubrospinal tract were used to localize injections of WGA-HRP for orthograde labeling of RNm terminals. In a different set of animals, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the retractor bulbi muscle to retrogradely label motoneurons of the AABD. The positions of RNm fibers and terminals were examined and compared to the locations and distribution of AABD cell bodies and labeled dendrites. Analyses revealed that along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the AABD, RNm efferents terminate primarily lateral to, or in the lateral aspects of, labeled motoneurons. For the rostral AABD, RNm efferents terminate only lateral to the nucleus. Although the terminals are not positioned to contact cell bodies of the AABD, they could overlap with dendrites that extend in the lateral direction. RNm efferents terminate more extensively within the posterior AABD, overlapping within both dendritic and cell body regions of the nucleus. Even in this posterior region, however, RNm efferents were distributed primarily over the lateral half of the nucleus. These data show that RNm can monosynaptically influence the AABD, through primarily its lateral and posterior aspects. Our findings also show that a major target of RNm efferents is the reticular cell population located lateral to the AABD, suggesting that the RNm also may affect AABD motoneuronal output indirectly through its projection to reticular cells. 相似文献
62.
Effects of Early Hippocampal Lesions on Trace, Delay, and Long-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in Developing Rats 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The effects of bilateral hippocampal aspiration lesions on later acquisition of eyeblink conditioning were examined in developing Long-Evans rat pups. Lesions on postnatal day (PND) 10 were followed by evaluation of trace eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 1) and delay eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 2) on PND 25. Pairings of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and periocular shock unconditioned stimulus (US, 100 ms) were presented in one of three conditioning paradigms: trace (380 ms CS, 500 ms trace interval, 880 ms interstimulus interval [ISI]), standard delay (380 ms CS, 280 ms ISI), or long delay (980 ms CS, 880 ms ISI). The results of two experiments indicated that hippocampal lesions impaired trace eyeblink conditioning more than either type of delay conditioning. In light of our previous work on the ontogeny of trace, delay, and long-delay eyeblink conditioning (Ivkovich, Paczkowski, & Stanton, 2000) showing that trace and long-delay eyeblink conditioning had similar ontogenetic profiles, the current data suggest that during ontogeny hippocampal maturation may be more important for the short-term memory component than for the long-ISI component of trace eyeblink conditioning. The late development of conditioning over long ISIs may depend on a separate process such as protracted development of cerebellar cortex. 相似文献
63.
马克思经济伦理思想不仅深受英、法古典经济学的影响,也受到德国古典哲学、历史学派以及青年黑格尔派思想的影响,诸如经济伦理的视角、方法以及劳动、异化、拜物教等问题,马克思都对其有着分析、批判与继承。 相似文献
64.
James M. Byrne 《Zygon》2009,44(4):951-964
Antje Jackelén's Time and Eternity successfully employs the method of correlation and a close study of the question of time to enter the dialogue between science and theology. Hermeneutical attention to language is a central element of this dialogue, but we must be aware that much science is untranslatable into ordinary language; it is when we get to the bigger metaphysical assumptions of science that true dialogue begins to happen. Thus, although the method of correlation is a useful way to approach this dialogue, there is not a strict equivalence in this relationship. Theology needs science more than science needs theology. In speaking of time and God we must keep in mind the relational nature of classical Christian theism, even in its most austere forms. We should not read Enlightenment ideas of God back into the classical Christian tradition or neglect the apophatic emphasis in Christian theism, which warned against assuming knowledge of the divine nature. God's relation to time always lies beyond our understanding. Studying the effects of either the Newtonian or Einsteinian concepts of time on our theological concepts should not detract our attention from the “lived time” that characterizes human experience. Consideration of the notion of time in the Madhyamaka Buddhist tradition reminds us that we cannot control the inner reality of time and that for humans time is something to be considered pragmatically. 相似文献
65.
MAGNE ARVE FLATEN 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2009,50(6):652-659
The research presented here has shown that tolerance to drugs can be accelerated by conditioning processes. Placebo effects may be considered the opposite of tolerance, and we have shown that placebo effects may be objectively recorded by physiological measures (electromyography, skin conductance responses, and event‐related potentials), as well as by behavioral and subjective methods. The placebo response, or more precisely, the expectation of drug effects, can add to the effect of the drug. Drug antagonistic expectations can also reverse the effect of the drug. There is some evidence that placebo effects are strongest when expectations are reinforced by administration of an active drug. Expectations have graded effects and may affect symptoms to a smaller or larger degree. Although drug effects can be considered stimuli, the investigation of the role of classical conditioning in drug use and drug effects involves special issues that must be carefully considered. 相似文献
66.
67.
Recent work in taste-aversion learning has revealed a new phenomenon in classical conditioning. When a preconditioned gustatory cue (taste or odor) is conditioned in compound with a second gustatory cue, conditioning to the second cue is augmented. This enhanced conditioning of the second cue is noteworthy because studies with other forms of classical conditioning have shown blocked conditioning to the second cue. This new phenomenon has been termed augmentation , and it has implications for the study of taste and odor interactions, formal models of learning, and clinical interventions with cancer patients. 相似文献
68.
Horacio Arló Costa 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2005,34(5-6):581-605
The article focuses on representing different forms of non-adjunctive inference as sub-Kripkean systems of classical modal logic, where the inference from □A and □B to □A∧B fails. In particular we prove a completeness result showing that the modal system that Schotch and Jennings derive from a
form of non-adjunctive inference in (Schotch and Jennings, 1980) is a classical system strictly stronger than EMN and weaker than K (following the notation for classical modalities presented in Chellas, 1980). The unified semantical characterization in
terms of neighborhoods permits comparisons between different forms of non-adjunctive inference. For example, we show that
the non-adjunctive logic proposed in (Schotch and Jennings, 1980) is not adequate in general for representing the logic of
high probability operators. An alternative interpretation of the forcing relation of Schotch and Jennings is derived from
the proposed unified semantics and utilized in order to propose a more fine-grained measure of epistemic coherence than the
one presented in (Schotch and Jennings, 1980). Finally we propose a syntactic translation of the purely implicative part of
Jaśkowski's system D2 into a classical system preserving all the theorems (and non-theorems) explicilty mentioned in (Jaśkowski, 1969). The translation
method can be used in order to develop epistemic semantics for a larger class of non-adjunctive (discursive) logics than the
ones historically investigated by Jaśkowski. 相似文献
69.
Rats in an experimental group received trials during which 1 flavor (saccharin) was always followed by cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive drug, but another (vanilla) was not. An unconditioned stimulus-only group served as a control. Flavor-preference tests revealed that conditioned excitation and conditioned inhibition occurred in the conditioned group subjects but not in the control group subjects. This demonstration suggests that a conditioned inhibitor might be used to modify conditioned and unconditioned immune system functions, for example, natural killer-cell activity. 相似文献
70.
This paper offers an account of the Hellnistic doctrine of krinomenon, elaborating on the idea of rhetoric’s restoration as a major tool of contemporary research and philosophical study. As opposed
to theories of argumentation that identify judgment with its propositional version and establish legitimization on speaker-audience
identity, failing to acknowledge difference and controversy, the doctrine of krinomenon focuses on the question posed, connecting rhetoric to judgment. The crucial difference from classical rhetoric lies in the
concept of zētēma: In the doctrine of krinomenon, participants in a common inquiry are reasonable, while logos refers to judgment itself – not the audience. Whereas a proposition dismisses its own problematization, controversy, i.e.
non-identity that gives meaning to utterances, is inscribed in krinomenon, which is the product of dialectic between contradictory utterances. Beyond the two opposite logics of dogmatism and relativism,
difference in the doctrine of krinomenon is judgment’s very condition. 相似文献