Human reactions to technological failure: How accidents rooted in technology vs. human error influence judgments of organizational accountability

Two experiments examine how the identification of technology as a causal factor in an organizational accident influences judgments of organizational accountability. In study 1, organizations were found to be held less accountable for their actions when a misfortune was rooted in a computer error than when rooted in human error. The predicted mechanism for this effect, counterfactual thinking, was confirmed. Specifically, technologically induced accidents were found to generate fewer counterfactual thoughts of better possible outcomes than similar accidents resulting from human error. Study 2 replicated the findings of study 1 in a more natural setting and using a less intrusive measure for counterfactual thoughts.     

Invited Special Review: Psychological Approaches for Managing Chronic Pain

Psychologists have had an important impact on the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of chronic pain. Their contributions have been in the areas of emotional distress, behavioral limitations, cognitive mediating events, and psychosocial disruption of chronic pain. These foci have enabled them to clarify the multidimensional nature of chronic pain and to support the biopsychosocial framework as a conceptual guide for research and clinical purposes. Clinically, along with members of an interdisciplinary team, psychologists have a key role in the assessment and treatment of patients with chronic pain. Interdisciplinary collaboration allows the team to recognize important interactions between biomedical and psychosocial dimensions and to appreciate a broader conceptualization of patients' problems. The literature documents strong empirical support for operant-behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies for the treatment of chronic pain. On the other hand, although widely accepted from a clinical perspective, the use of motivational interviewing and motivational enhancement therapies is more recent and less well documented for use with patients with chronic pain.     

Normal Personality Correlates of Chronic Pain Subgroups

A heterogeneous sample of chronic pain patients was first classified into one of three previously identified subgroups (i.e., dysfunctional, interpersonally distressed, adaptive) using the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (R. D. Kerns, D. C. Turk, & T. E. Rudy, 1985). Multiple differences at the domain and facet levels of the Revised NEO PI-R Personality Inventory (P. T. Costa, Jr. & R. R. McCrae, 1992) were found among the three subgroups of patients. In particular, the interpersonally distressed patients showed a greater degree of Neuroticism and were more introverted. Further analyses revealed that this group had tendencies toward feeling more vulnerable, being less trustful, and experiencing less positive emotions than the other groups. The dysfunctional group of patients was notable in terms of their low activity level and lower Openness (to new experience). Adaptive copers reported being emotionally stable, having a moderate degree of Extraversion, and being open to a wider variety of experiences. These differences may act as mediating influences in differing patient responsiveness to pain management programs.     

Self-Discrepancy and Mental Health in Older Women with Chronic Illnesses

Self-discrepancy was investigated as a self-enhancing mechanism by which older women maintain their mental health and psychological well-being while coping with declines in physical health. In this 6-year longitudinal study, the mediating and moderating effects of self-discrepancy on mental health outcomes in older women with chronic health problems were tested. Participants were 103 community-dwelling older women who completed multiple, self-report measures of physical and mental health and self-discrepancy. There was a decline in physical health over time but an improvement in self-discrepancies. Low self-discrepancy (i.e., little discrepancy between the actual and ideal self) mediated and moderated the effects of physical health decline on mental health and psychological well-being. Thus, self-discrepancy appears to play a significant role in maintaining mental health in the face of declining physical health in older women.     

慢性乙型肝炎合并妊娠患者的抗病毒治疗

母婴垂直传播是我国乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染的主要传播方式,新生儿标准的主动一被动免疫即高效价乙肝免疫球蛋白联合乙肝疫苗大大降低了母婴垂直传播的比例,但母体高HBVDNA水平可以增加胎儿宫内感染HBV的风险,导致HBV母婴垂直传播。因此,妊娠期抗病毒治疗尤为关键。计划妊娠的育龄期的慢性乙型肝炎患者应尽可能在妊娠前完成抗...     

慢性房颤的导管消融：时机已经成熟

心房解剖及电重构基础上的多发子波折返是慢性房颤的维持机制,支持线性消融策略;导管消融有关的操作逐渐标准化;盐水灌注导管和三维标测系统等新器械不断进展;慢性房颤消融策略的争议逐渐减少,采用肺静脉隔离加线性消融者越来越多;消融终点更多的以肺静脉隔离和线性阻滞为主,以直接终止心动过速为终点者减少。慢性房颤的导管消融时机已经成...     

乙酰肝素酶剪接变体T5mRNA在肾癌中的表达

探讨乙酰肝素酶（Hpa）剪接变体T5mRNA在肾癌（RCC）组织中的表达,分析其与RCC发生发展及预后的关系。采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（半定量RT—PCR）方法检测RCC组织标本及癌旁正常组织标本中T5mRNA的表达。结果RCC组织中T5mRNA阳性率高于癌旁正常组织（P〈0．05）;T5mRNA阳性表达率与RCC病理...     

Spoon-to-cup fading as treatment for cup drinking in a child with intestinal failure

We treated a child with intestinal failure who consumed solids on a spoon but not liquids from a cup. We used spoon-to-cup fading, which consisted of taping a spoon to a cup and then gradually moving the bowl of the spoon closer to the edge of the cup. Spoon-to-cup fading was effective for increasing consumption of liquids from a cup.     

重视终末期肾病患者的心理治疗

心理治疗在终末期肾病(ESRD)治疗中的作用非常重要,不但可缓解患者的心理压力,还可改善患者的生理障碍、减少并发症,因此重视对ESRD患者的心理治疗,可使患者保持良好的生理、心理状态,并能提高患者的生活质量,改善预后。     

急性肾损伤肾脏替代治疗模式的临床决策

急性肾损伤是指病程3个月内的,包括血、尿、组织学及影像学检查所见的肾脏结构与功能异常。目前,急性肾损伤肾脏替代治疗的模式尚无明确定论。常用的模式有间断性血液透析、持续性肾脏替代治疗、杂合式肾脏替代治疗、腹膜透析。临床上应根据患者的年龄、病因、病情危重程度、所在医院的条件和经济状况等选择合适的治疗模式。