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111.
Abstract Cluster analysis derived MMPI profile types were compared for three distinct illness populations: chronic low back pain (CLBP), mixed headache (HA), and cardiac disease (CD). Results replicated previous findings in the chronic pain and cardiac literatures. Differences between diagnostic groups and genders were found for the prevalence of the derived MMPI profile types. Results indicated that, in males, the two chronic pain groups had similar profile types and similar relative frequencies of these types, but both differed from the CD sample. The chronic pain groups tended to have a greater number of patients with pathological and distressed MMPI profile types and a lesser representation in the subclinical profile type compared to the CD sample. Similar findings were obtained for females, though the CLBP group tended to have a higher frequency of highly distressed, pathological profiles than either the HA or CD groups. Results suggested that the MMPI may be a measure of response to illness rather than reflecting predisposing personality types for any given illness and that the higher frequency of highly distressed profiles in the chronic pain samples reflects the increased suffering of those populations compared to other illnesses. 相似文献
112.
Paul Flowers Mark McGregor Davis Michael Larkin Stephanie Church Claire Marriott 《Psychology & health》2013,28(10):1378-1391
Objectives: Although a wide literature details the psychological impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis, it predates the introduction of effective treatment for HIV (i.e. anti-retroviral therapies, ARTs). This article explores the psychological impact of HIV diagnosis in post-ART accounts. This is important, given the recent policy developments which focus upon increasing HIV testing and thus diagnoses. Design: This study presents a qualitative exploration of the experiential accounts of HIV-positive gay men living in Scotland. A total of 14 HIV-positive gay men took part in open-ended interviews. Methods: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed to identify recurrent themes across the interviews. Results: Our analysis focuses upon the participants’ struggles in adjusting to their HIV status. Diagnosis was a deeply shocking and unexpected experience. Stigma and fear of prejudice dominated their accounts. HIV was understood, variously, as a shameful, fatal and life-changing condition. Overall, within these accounts there was little sense of HIV normalisation. Conclusions: In Scotland, where HIV prevalence is low, and where no accessible HIV-positive sub-culture exists, there is on-going psychological distress and morbidity amongst gay men testing HIV positive. As HIV-related policy increasingly focuses on increasing rates of antibody testing, there is a need to reduce the psychosocial costs associated with HIV-positive diagnoses. 相似文献
113.
Stephanie S. Leone Simon Wessely Marcus J.H. Huibers J. André Knottnerus IJmert Kant 《Psychology & health》2013,28(4):449-464
Background: Burnout and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are two fatigue syndromes which have developed largely independently from each other, yet whose similarities in symptoms can be a source of confusion. We aim to explore the phenomenology of burnout and CFS in a historical context as this may provide some insight into the links and relationship between these conditions. Method: A narrative review based on literature in the fields of history, social science and medicine. Results: The origins of CFS lie within medicine, whereas burnout developed in a psychological setting. As well as symptoms, burnout and CFS also share similar themes such as an overload process triggering illness onset, the need for restoration of depleted energy, external causal attributions and the characteristics of people suffering from these illnesses. However, these themes are expressed in either psychological or medical terms according to the historical background. Conclusion: Despite their similarities, there have been few direct comparisons of the two concepts. Culture, illness perceptions and accountability are important issues in both conditions and could contribute to their differences. Comparing burnout and CFS within one sample frame, thus looking beyond the psychology/medicine divide, could be a useful first step towards understanding their relationship. 相似文献
114.
The vasopressin V1b receptor (AVPR1B) gene has been shown to be closely associated with bipolar disorder and depression. However, whether it relates to positive social outcomes, such as empathy and prosocial behavior, remains unknown. This study explored the possible role of the AVPR1B gene rs28373064 in empathy and prosociality. A total of 256 men, who were genetically unrelated, non‐clinical ethnic Han Chinese college students, participated in the study. Prosociality was tested by measuring the prosocial tendencies of cognitive and emotional empathy using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs28373064, was genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) analysis. The results suggest that the AVPR1B gene rs28373064 is linked to emotional empathy and prosociality. The mediation analysis indicated that the effect of the AVPR1B gene on prosociality might be mediated by emotional empathy. This study demonstrated the link between the AVPR1B gene and prosociality and provided evidence that emotional empathy might mediate the relation between the AVPR1B gene and prosociality. 相似文献
115.
Maria Johansson Linda Forssman Gunilla Bohlin 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2014,55(2):130-135
This study used the classical A‐not‐B task (Piaget, 1954 ) to explore individual differences in cognitive flexibility in 10‐month‐old infants by: (1) examining how differences in search performance during A trials relate to search performance during B trials; (2) studying the relation between temperamental dimensions and A‐not‐B performance; and (3) investigating differences in search performance between looking and reaching responses within the same task. Forty infants were tested on a fixed‐design‐version of the A‐not‐B task, not allowing for training or individual adjustment, but instead eliciting additional search behaviors than the common correct responses in A trials and perseverative errors in B trials. Infants were also rated by their parents on the temperamental scales Activity level and Attention span. The main findings were: (1) performance on A trials affected B trial performance, with infants being more correct on A trials having more incorrect and less ‘no search’ responses on B trials; (2) activity level, but not attention span, was related to performance on the A‐not‐B task, with infants performing better on A trials having a lower activity level; and (3) there were a few differences in performance with regard to modality, indicating that responding correctly by looking may be less cognitively demanding than doing so by reaching. This study demonstrated that 10‐month‐olds show a wide variation of search behaviors on this A‐not‐B task, resulting in individual differences in performance. These differences are suggested to reflect variation in temperamental activity level as well as maturity of short term/working memory, inhibition and cognitive flexibility. 相似文献
116.
生物医疗观对慢性疼痛患者的诊疗作用较差。慢性疼痛常因为心理应激、个性、行为和疾病状况而复杂化,增加了患者诊疗的难度。患者常因情感症状、生活压力,而失去信心,陷入无助地痛苦选择冲突中。应用一种系统的跨学科方法重建和保持医生的共情和患者的积极心理,采用疾病状态、生活经历、个性特征和行为模式的四种心身整合观点,综合评估抑郁和慢性疼痛患者。设计综合诊疗方案评定的痛苦作用,在方案制定的过程中认识到这四个观点彼此不同,相互补充,全面阐释影响患者痛苦的生物、心理和社会的多种原因。心身整合观点为设计合理的治疗方案提供了方法,提高了医生成功治疗慢性疼痛患者的可行性。 相似文献
117.
Cognitive impairment plays a role in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Patients with painful disorders are reported to show attentional biases toward pain‐related information. However, these findings are controversial and rarely has any study examined whether chronic pain patients have attentional biases to pain‐related conditioned stimuli (CS). In this study, 21 patients diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) were recruited from the neurosurgical department of a large urban general hospital. Sixteen family members and 21 pain‐free volunteers were included as two separate control groups. Pain ratings, pain‐related anxiety, general anxiety, and depression were measured in all subjects using questionnaires. Two dot probe tests were performed, one which used pictures of painful versus neutral faces as cues, and another that presented three types of CS as cues that predicted certain, uncertain, or no pain. Our results demonstrated that the TN patients showed attentional biases towards painful faces and the CSs that signaled uncertain pain. Moreover, the ratings of negative emotion about their pain conditions correlated significantly with the presence of attentional biases. The patients' close family members, however, displayed biases towards uncertain‐pain CS. This study demonstrates that patients with chronic pain have increased attention towards pain‐related information and that the fearful thinking about pain was positively correlated with this phenomenon. 相似文献
118.
Ann Chapleau 《Occupational Therapy in Mental Health》2013,29(4):387-400
This study compared structural and individual factors related to persons who are homeless and how these factors affected their ability to utilize and benefit from available services. A qualitative case study design was used to conduct in-depth interviews with two participants receiving hospice care in a residence for the homeless. Results support previous findings that chronic homelessness is the result of multiple structural and individual factors that occur over time. Contrary to the literature on chronic homelessness, however, both participants were unique in their history of employment and strong desire to work, despite having limited work skills. Responses from both participants underscored the value of daily structure and meaningful occupation in residential addiction treatment. 相似文献
119.
120.
Petra Hampel Hiltrud Rudolph Rainer Stachow Ankatrin Laß-Lentzsch Franz Petermann 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(2):145-155
The present study was aimed to investigate age and gender effects on coping with everyday stressors among children and adolescents with chronic illness and healthy controls. Patients (8–13 years of age) with asthma (n=47), atopic dermatitis (n=52), and cancer (n=57) were compared to healthy controls (n=158) matched by age, gender, and grade. Self-report data on coping with academic and interpersonal stressors were collected. The primary results indicated that coping with everyday stressors was improved in children and adolescents with chronic illness compared to healthy controls. Thus, patients reported less passive avoidance on cross-situational coping and tended to show more situation-specific coping with social and school-related stressors than healthy controls. Additionally, among the clinical groups, patients with atopic dermatitis and cancer scored higher on positive self-instructions than patients with asthma. Conclusively, the results suggest that coping with a chronic illness may lead to more effective coping with everyday stressors. Implications for evaluating coping styles in patients with chronic illness are discussed. 相似文献