对心理理论两成分认知模型的验证

Tager-Flusberg 和 Sullivan（2000）从主体信息加工的角度出发首次提出了一个心理理论模型,认为心理理论包括两个成分：一个是社会知觉成分,一个是社会认知成分。本研究设计了一个适合儿童特点的测查社会知觉成分的任务,将对心理理论两成分模型作进一步的验证,并对语言和心理理论两个成分的关系进行了初步探讨。被试为90名3~5岁的儿童,男女各半。结果表明心理理论的认知成分同语言相关密切,而知觉成分同语言没有表现出明显的相关。这个结果为该认知模型提供了进一步的证据     

声旁部分信息在儿童学习和记忆汉字中的作用

采用类似课堂教学的学习－测验任务,通过3个实验探讨了声旁提供的部分读音信息在儿童学习和记忆汉字中的作用。被试来自北京市两所小学260名四年级学生。实验中要求学生学习和记忆3种生字：（1）声旁提供汉字读音的全部信息,如规则一致字;（2）声旁提供汉字读音的部分信息,如声调不同字或声母不同字;（3）声旁不提供汉字读音的信息,如声旁不知字。要求学生学习所有的字一遍后回忆生字的读音,共学习3遍。实验发现,儿童学习和记忆汉字的正确率随声旁提供的整字读音信息不同而不同：当声旁提供全部信息时正确率最高,当声旁提供部分信息时其次,当声旁没有提供信息时最低;而且声旁提供的部分信息越多,正确率越高。结果表明,儿童对声旁提供的部分读音信息敏感,发展声旁意识对学习和记忆汉字有积极作用     

亲社会情境中小学儿童道德情绪判断及其归因研究

该文运用临床访谈法研究了小学儿童在亲社会情境中道德情绪判断及归因状况。结果表明:在亲社会情境中,儿童的道德情绪判断经由消极到积极的发展趋势,年幼儿童倾向于判断助人者会体验到消极的情绪,年长儿童则认为助人者会体验到高兴等积极情绪,并且随着儿童年龄的增长,儿童的情绪体验愈加复杂。在道德情绪归因中,年幼儿童倾向于结果定向的归因,一年级儿童中大部分以道德定向为主,随着儿童年龄的增长,儿童的归因定向逐渐多样化。     

6-12岁儿童额叶自发脑电频谱相干的特点

EEG频谱相干分析发现额叶发育在童年中期存在可能的加速期。针对这一问题,本研究通过记录75名6至12岁正常儿童静坐和闭目状态下的自发脑电,分析δ、θ、α和β基本脑电频段下31对电极相干的变化情况,系统探索了该年龄段儿童额叶自发脑电频谱相干的变化特点,结果发现:θ波活动普遍强于α和β波活动;6至12岁儿童额叶内、额叶与其他脑叶间相干在整体上表现为随年龄增长而增加的趋势;额叶内、额叶与其他脑叶间相干在各频段均表现为7岁、11岁突增,10岁、12岁表现为高峰。上述结果支持6至12岁儿童额叶发育存在加速变化的结论。     

Individual and Family Contributions to Depressive Symptoms in African American Children with Sickle Cell Disease

Depressive disorders in children with chronic illnesses have received little attention despite some evidence suggesting that these children experience increased psychological difficulties as a result of their medical condition. Most of the research on depressive disorders among children has been conducted primarily with Caucasian youth, limiting generalizability to ethnically diverse populations. Further, even less research exists on depressive disorders among African American children with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and for African American youth from lower socioeconomic status who are at greater risk for depressive disorders. This paper is an extensive review of the major studies conducted on depression and psychosocial aspects of SCD in African American children. The Transactional Stress and Coping model is provided as a conceptual framework. Following the review, clinical and research implications are provided, as well as an illustration of a psychoeducational family intervention with an African American child who has SCD and internalizing behaviors.     

Genetic Influences on Anxiety in Children: What we’ve Learned and Where we’re Heading

Anxiety is a common problem, typically beginning early in life. This article explores reasons for individual differences in levels of anxiety among children, by reviewing the genetic literature. The plethora of research to date has demonstrated clearly that both genes and environmental influences play important roles in explaining differences in levels of anxiety of various types among children. This has encouraged researchers to search for specific genes and environmental influences upon anxiety. Despite important progress in identifying links between anxiety and specific genes—including associations between serotonin and dopamine genes and different symptoms of anxiety—overall, progress has been slow because multiple genes of small effect size are likely to influence anxiety. This article explains how the hunt for genes involved in anxiety is likely to benefit from genetically sensitive research, which examines the co-occurrence of symptoms; includes measures of the environment; and examines endophenotypes and risk pathways.     

Theoretical Models of Affectionate Versus Affectionless Control in Anxious Families: A Critical Examination Based on Observations of Parent–Child Interactions

Psychosocial theories focused on the intrafamilial transmission of anxiety often concentrate on specific parenting behaviors that increase risk of anxiety disorders in children. Two such theories—affectionate versus affectionless control—both implicate parenting, although differently, in the pathogenesis of childhood anxiety. The present article reviews observational studies that focus on interactions between parents and children in anxious families in order to examine critically each of these two models. We divide these observational studies into two groups: those that seek to characterize the behavior of anxious parents (top-down studies) versus parents of anxious children (bottom-up studies). This approach reveals that there is a consistent relationship between controlling parental behavior in families with anxiety-disordered children as well as a consistent relationship between parental behavior low in warmth and families with anxiety-disordered parents. The present article discusses the implications of the pattern that unfolds from the observational studies of the last decade and provides suggestions for future research in the area.     

Children's understanding of advertising: an investigation using verbal and pictorially cued methods

Conflicting results on children's understanding of advertising may stem from differences in research methods. Most studies are conducted using interviewing techniques, employing only verbal questioning. In the present study, 136 children of two age groups (7 and 10 years) were first asked what advertising was for and, after responding, shown depictions of possible reasons. The results indicate that although older children are more likely than younger ones to understand that advertising seeks to promote selling, pictorial cues allow a much larger proportion of all children to indicate their understanding than verbal questioning does on its own, with younger children especially showing improvement. Thus, seven‐year‐olds seem to have an implicit understanding of the persuasive intent of advertising that they are unable to articulate in response to investigators' questions. Multiple methods appear to offer a means of evaluating the level of sophistication in children' understanding of advertising. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

儿童的孤独感及与同伴交往的关系

孤独感是当一个人的社会关系网络比预期的更小或更不满意时产生的一种不愉快的情绪体验,儿童长期处于此状态会导致适应不良。孤独感的社交需要理论认为孤独感是对社交需要未满足的反应,强调孤独感的情感或感受层面;认知加工观主张孤独感的产生是因为个体对觉知到的人际关系现状不满意,强调孤独感的认知成分。同伴交往4个水平上的变量会影响到孤独感的产生,而孤独感作为一种消极的情绪体验,也会对同伴交往产生不良影响。未来研究应该多从家庭功能与同伴交往相结合的角度探讨孤独感的产生机制,对孤独儿童的干预研究也有待开展     

儿童返回抑制的研究进展

返回抑制是视觉选择性注意中的一种抑制现象,是人的一个重要的信息加工机制,是当前认知心理学研究的热点之一,本文主要介绍了近年来婴幼儿和儿童的返回抑制研究的内容和成果。