Making peace in gestational conflicts

Mary Anne Warren's claim that there is room for only one person with full and equal rights inside a single human skin ([1], p. 63) calls attention to the vast range of moral conflict engendered by assigning full basic moral rights to fetuses. Thereby, it serves as a goad to thinking about conflicts between pregnant women and their fetuses in a way that emphasizes relationships rather than rights. I sketch out what a care orientation might suggest about resolving gestational conflicts. I also argue that the care orientation, with its commitment to the significance of the partial and the particular, cannot be absorbed within standard, impartialist moral theory.     

TEACHING IDIOM COMPREHENSION TO CHILDREN WITH MENTAL RETARDATION

This study examined the effectiveness of a training program designed to teach children with mild mental retardation the meaning of 12 idiomatic phrases, such as “to hit the sack.” Four 9-year-old children participated in the training. A multiple baseline design across subjects and across three sets of idioms was implemented. Training consisted of presenting both literal and idiomatic contexts in the form of story narratives, and asking the children to explain the outcome of the story and to select one picture from an array of four that represented the outcome. All children demonstrated learning, although 1 child required review procedures to facilitate maintenance. Children were able to generalize their receptive learning to an expressive task with varying levels of success. All children demonstrated an ability to understand the learned idioms when presented in unfamiliar contexts.     

AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE SETTING EVENTS ON THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

We examined the effects of four combinations of setting events on the social interactions of 7 preschool children with social delays. In Study 1, the status of the teacher, activity materials, and peer varied across conditions. In Study 2, the status of the teacher and materials varied across conditions. Within the combinations of setting events, we also examined teacher behavior. Teacher presence and absence was varied in both studies. The type and rate of teacher prompting were varied in Study 2. The four combinations of setting events produced different rates of social behavior by the children with social delays. The optimal combination of setting events for promoting peer interaction and reducing teacher—child interaction included teacher absence from the activity, a limited number and form of materials, and children paired with a socially skilled partner.     

THE CAPABILITIES OF PEOPLE WITH COGNITIVE DISABILITIES

Abstract: People with cognitive disabilities are equal citizens, and law ought to show respect for them as full equals. To do so, law must provide such people with equal entitlements to medical care, housing, and other economic needs. But law must also go further, providing people with disabilities truly equal access to education, even when that is costly and involves considerable change in current methods of instruction. The central theme of this essay is what is required in order to give such people political and civil rights on a basis of genuine equality.     

19世纪帕金森病的研究历史

1817年Parkinson首先描述了震颤麻痹,此后的45年中陆续出现了一些相关报道,但并未增加有价值的临床信息。1861年以后,Charcot对此病进行了深入的研究,认识到动作缓慢是本病的核心症状之一,并将其与肌强直鉴别开。他细致地描述了面具脸等症状,认为震颤并非诊断的必要因素,在命名上建议用帕金森病来取代震颤麻痹。     

颈动脉病变的治疗现状

颈动脉病变尤其是颈动脉狭窄治疗上的分歧,颈动脉内膜切除术受欧美学者推崇,颈动脉支架成形技术受国内学者青睐,本文就近年来的文献复习发现颈动脉内膜切除术和颈动脉支架成形术各有相宜的适应证,各有优缺点,根据各自医院的设备条件、医师对颈动脉内膜切除术和颈动脉支架成形术熟悉程度来开展工作,对颈动脉狭窄治疗均有益处,存在的问题和困...     

儿童特质推理中的信息利用

特质研究是心理理论框架中一个重要方面。儿童进行特质推理时对特质信息的利用,是考察其是否拥有完整特质概念的一个重要指标。综述以往研究可以看到在获得完整的特质概念之前,儿童倾向于运用到特质以外的其他信息做出跨特质范畴的推论,尤其是这些信息比特质信息更加具体明显时。文章概述了六个可能影响到儿童特质推理的信息:情境信息、行为频率、示例频率、效价信息、随意性信息、规则信息。在此基础上,对该领域的研究趋势作了展望。     

The prevention of anxiety and depression in children from disadvantaged schools

A randomised controlled trial evaluated the Aussie Optimism Program in preventing anxiety and depression. Grade 7 students (n = 496) from disadvantaged government schools in Perth Western Australia, participated. Six schools were randomly assigned to Aussie Optimism and six schools received their usual health education lessons. Students completed questionnaires on depression, anxiety, attribution style, and social skills. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist. No significant group effects were found for student-reported data. Parents of intervention group only students reported reductions in internalizing problems at post-test. No follow-up group effects were significant. Students and teachers found the program acceptable.     

Modeling and estimating recall processing capacity: Sensitivity and diagnostic utility in application to mild cognitive impairment

We investigate the potential for using latency-based measures of retrieval processing capacity to assess changes in performance specific to individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a reliable precursor state to Alzheimer’s Disease. Use of these capacity measures is motivated in part by exploration of the effects of atrophy on a computational model of a basic hippocampal circuit. We use this model to suggest that capacity may be a more sensitive indicator of the underlying atrophy than speed of processing, and test this hypothesis by adapting a standard behavioral measure of memory (the free and cued selective reminding test, FCSRT) to allow for the collection of cued recall latencies. Participants were drawn from five groups: college-aged, middle-aged, healthy elderly, those with a diagnosis of MCI, and a sample of MCI control participants. The measure of capacity is shown to offer increased classificatory sensitivity relative to the standard behavioral measures, and is also shown to be the behavioral measure that correlated most strongly with hippocampal volume.     

百年郑玄易学研究的回顾与反思

1905至2010年间的郑玄易学研究经历了三个阶段,其中既有对传统经学研究路数的坚守,又有引入西学思想与方法的新实践,而现代学术制度、思想与方法最终成为郑易研究的主导,呈现出新旧学术交替的丰富性与复杂性,是中国传统学术现代化的缩影。西方学术的引入,客观上丰富了郑易研究的视角与途径,揭示、提升了郑易研究的多方面内容,其百年历程及特点也都显示出这一研究的新气象、新变化。然而,脱离传统经学理路的郑易研究,也存在着古今学术的"博通"与"精专"之争、古典与现代的学术理路的差异、经世面向的缺失等问题,无论是指导思想、学术方法与研究旨趣方面,还是在传统四部之学与现代学科理论实践的融合上均有值得反思之处,应予以深切关注和彻底省察。