Liping Chi 《PsyCh Journal》2013,2(1):26-38

Although the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment has been confirmed by many researchers, its mechanism still remains controversial. Parent–child communication has been regarded as one of the important mediators. The present study primarily aimed to examine the potentially mediating role of parent–child communication in the transmission of educational attainment, based on a sample of 366 Chinese fifth and sixth graders. Parent–child communication was measured against the three levels of the parents' communication ability, the quality of the father–child and mother–child communications, and the relation between the two dyadic communications. The results duplicated the positive effect of parents' educational attainment on children's academic achievement. Moreover, it was found that parents' communication ability alone played a mediating role, and that the three levels of parent–child communication constructed a “mediator chain” between the parents' educational attainment and the children's academic achievement. Finally, the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment in China and the mediating role of the three levels of parent–child communication were discussed.  相似文献   

    

Bisagni F 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2012,93(3):423-448

Although the psychogenetic hypotheses on child autism have been superseded, psychoanalysis can still reflect on the relational exchange and its sensory aspects in concomitance with the mental development of these patients. Without making generalizations as regards the pathogenesis, but considering the specific features of each autistic child, it may be possible to achieve an integration of those islands of competence that make up these patients' limited personal heritage. Such integration may be reached through the analysis of representational, emotional and relational transformations. The first part of this article describes the case of an autistic child in treatment from the age of four on a four-times-weekly basis who, during puberty, developed severe formal thought disorders together with delusional and hallucinatory formations. The second part develops some post-Jungian theoretical contributions, such as the concept of self as nothingness and the idea of the unsaturated archetype, so as to evaluate the function of some a-priori concepts in support of the analyst's position. These concepts are considered in relation to Bion's model of transformation, and to the formulations on dimensional awareness, especially on the shift from a two-dimensionality to three-dimensionality view, as well as to the rhythm of the object's presence and absence.  相似文献   

    

Behrens KY  Kondo-Ikemura K 《International journal of psychology》2011,46(5):368-376

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Buchanan M  Keats P 《International journal of psychology》2011,46(2):127-135

Journalists who witness trauma and disaster events are at risk for physical, emotional, and psychological injury. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a critical ethnographic study among 31 Canadian journalists and photojournalists with regard to coping strategies used to buffer the effects of being exposed to trauma and disaster events and work-related stress. The findings are the result of in-depth individual interviews and six workplace observations with journalists across Canada. The most commonly reported coping strategies were: avoidance strategies at work, use of black humor, controlling one's emotions and memories, exercise and other physical activities, focusing on the technical aspects, and using substances. Recommendations for addressing the effects of work-related stress within this population are provided.  相似文献   

    

Stocco CS  Thompson RH  Rodriguez NM 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(3):499-512

Restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) is more pervasive, prevalent, frequent, and severe in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) than in their typical peers. One subtype of RRB is restricted interests in items or activities, which is evident in the manner in which individuals engage with items (e.g., repetitious wheel spinning), the types of items or activities they select (e.g., preoccupation with a phone book), or the range of items or activities they select (i.e., narrow range of items). We sought to describe the relation between restricted interests and teacher presentation of items. Overall, we observed 5 teachers interacting with 2 pairs of students diagnosed with an ASD. Each pair included 1 student with restricted interests. During these observations, teachers were free to present any items from an array of 4 stimuli selected by experimenters. We recorded student responses to teacher presentation of items and analyzed the data to determine the relation between teacher presentation of items and the consequences for presentation provided by the students. Teacher presentation of items corresponded with differential responses provided by students with ASD, and those with restricted preferences experienced a narrower array of items.  相似文献   

    

Nyp SS  Barone VJ  Kruger T  Garrison CB  Robertsen C  Christophersen ER 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(1):181-185

We evaluated the effects of feedback and instruction on resident physician performance during developmental surveillance of infants at 2-month preventive care visits. Baseline data were obtained by videotaping 3 residents while they performed the physical and developmental exam components. Training consisted of individualized feedback and a brief instructional module, after which the residents were again videotaped while they performed preventive care visits. All 3 residents showed improved performance following training.  相似文献   

    

Nikulina V  Widom CS  Czaja S 《American journal of community psychology》2011,48(3-4):309-321

This study examines the roles of childhood neglect and childhood poverty (family and neighborhood) in predicting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), academic achievement, and crime in young adulthood. Using existing data from a prospective cohort design study, 1,005 children with documented histories of neglect (N = 507) and matched controls (N = 497) were interviewed in young adulthood (mean age 29). Official criminal histories were also used to assess outcomes. Data were analyzed using logistic and ordinary least squares regressions and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to control for neighborhood clustering. Results from HLM revealed that childhood neglect and childhood family poverty uniquely predicted PTSD and adult arrest, MDD was predicted only by childhood family poverty, and a significant interaction between childhood family poverty and childhood neighborhood poverty predicted academic achievement for the control group only. Childhood neglect, childhood family poverty, and childhood neighborhood poverty each contribute to poor outcomes later in life. While interventions should be developed for neglected children to prevent negative outcomes, the current findings suggest that it is also important to consider the ecological context in which these children are growing up.  相似文献   

    

Alan D. Ogle  Reed Reichwald  J. Brian Rutland 《Military psychology》2013,25(6):476-486

Since 2001 there has been a significant increase in the use of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) analysis for tactical, operational, and strategic decision makers engaged in global operations. To meet this demand, US Air Force intelligence personnel participate in remote combat and graphic media exploitation operations (e.g., review of still imagery, video, and audio), the long-term psychological effects of which are not well understood. Research to date has focused primarily on outcomes related to how intelligence personnel work, versus the specifics of what they do. Military psychologists embedded in ISR units conducted studies to address this gap. Intelligence analysts participated in focus groups and surveys assessing the frequency of exposure, previous exposures to other potentially traumatic events, symptoms of PTSD, moral injury, and other psychosocial experiences. Results showed that exposure levels, albeit virtual, rivaled or exceeded those reported by a sample of special operations forces. Results also showed that specific types of exposures (e.g., witnessing US military casualties, civilian casualties, atrocities committed by the enemy) are related to increased posttraumatic stress and other sequelae that may not adequately be captured by standard posttraumatic stress disorder screening measures. The results contribute to the existing literature on posttraumatic stress, shed new light on the emerging construct of moral injury, and highlight challenges presented by remote combat and graphic media exploitation operations to force health sustainment and performance optimization. The authors provide directions for future research and recommendations for ongoing assessment, monitoring, and selection and training of ISR personnel.  相似文献   

    

Jessica Kelley Morgan  Sarah L. Desmarais 《Military psychology》2013,25(5):456-463

Despite efforts to understand the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of posttraumatic growth (PTG), the role of time since a traumatic event (time since event) vis-à-vis PTG is not well understood. Part of a larger project exploring experiences following emotionally distressing events among military veterans (N = 197) using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (Mturk), in the current study, we sought to clarify associations between the time since event and PTG. We used cluster-analytic techniques and analyses of variance to (a) determine the number of clusters, and (b) assess differences in core constructs of PTG and participant characteristics across clusters. Results revealed 4 significantly different groups (i.e., clusters) characterized by differential associations between PTG and time since event. These groups also differed significantly in challenge to core beliefs, level of PTSD symptoms, intrusive and deliberate rumination, and age. The immediate moderate-growth group (Cluster 1) experienced moderate levels of PTG over shorter periods of time, severe PTSD symptoms, and was significantly younger. The low-growth group (Cluster 2) was characterized by minimal PTG, regardless of time, the least challenge to core beliefs, and low amounts of intrusive and deliberate rumination. The long-term small-growth group (Cluster 3) was primarily characterized by small amounts of PTG over longer periods of time. The high-growth group (Cluster 4) was characterized by high PTG, regardless of time, greater challenge to core beliefs, the highest amount of deliberate rumination, and the highest number of PTSD symptoms. Findings underscore heterogeneity within military veterans’ experiences of PTG over time.  相似文献   

    

R. Meaudre  M. Meaudre 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(5):303-312

The relaxation of a space charge due to trapped electrons in an n + -i-n + hydrogenated amorphous silicon structure has been modelled by Solomon. Here we extend the model by obtaining analytical expressions for the current at the beginning of the relaxation as well as for long times when retrapping of electrons is taken into account. Our expression for the current at long times differs considerably from that given previously. Consequences for the derived values of the capture cross-sections of the gap states near the Fermi level are examined and discussed.  相似文献