A Christian philosopher's view of recent directions in the abortion debate.

From the standpoint of a Christian philosopher, heeding the teaching and exhortations of Pope John Paul II and previous popes, I examine three directions in which the recent philosophical debate has developed. In the last seven or eight years there has been 1) a renewed focus on the biological issue of when a human individual comes to be, 2) new arguments for the proposition that personhood is a characteristic acquired after birth, and 3) refinements of the early argument of Judith Thomson. Replying to these developments, I defend, on philosophical grounds, the pro-life position. I argue that a distinct, whole (though immature) human individual comes to be at conception, that he or she is a person, with full moral worth, from the moment he or she comes to be, and the mothers and fathers have a special responsibility to their children which entails (at least) that they ought not to choose to abort them. I conclude by briefly indicating, from the standpoint of Christian faith, why Christian philosophers should vigorously pursue this debate.     

时间洞察力的心理结构、特征及研究焦点

概述了五种有关时间洞察力心理结构的观点：二因素、三因素、四因素、五因素和综合的观点;较详细地说明了时间洞察力的心理特征;并对时间洞察力的研究焦点做了总结;最后指出了以前研究中存在的问题和时间洞察力的未来研究方向。     

Choice of Weapon or Weapon of Choice? Examining the Interactions between Victim Characteristics in Single‐victim Male Sexual Homicide Offenders

As most studies report that the majority of sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) prefer to kill with their own hands, research has largely neglected to examine the choice of weapon by these offenders. The US Supplementary Homicide Reports show that although a large number of SHOs murder their victim using personal weapons (e.g. bare hands and manual or ligature strangulation), the majority use an alternative weapon (e.g. edged weapons, contact weapons, and firearms). The present study hypothesises that the choice of weapon is in part influenced by victim characteristics. To identify specific combinations and interactions between victim characteristics and the choice of a personal or edged weapon during the commission of a sexual homicide, a combination of exhaustive chi‐square automatic interaction detector and conjunctive analysis is used on a sample of 2,472 single‐victim male SHOs from a 36‐year period of Supplementary Homicide Report data (1976–2011). Findings show that SHOs choose their weapon according to some victim characteristics. Implications of the findings are discussed in light of police suspect prioritisation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recollection is a continuous process: Evidence from plurality memory receiver operating characteristics

Is recollection a continuous/graded process or a threshold/all-or-none process? Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis can answer this question as the continuous model and the threshold model predict curved and linear recollection ROCs, respectively. As memory for plurality, an item's previous singular or plural form, is assumed to rely on recollection, the nature of recollection can be investigated by evaluating plurality memory ROCs. The present study consisted of four experiments. During encoding, words (singular or plural) or objects (single/singular or duplicate/plural) were presented. During retrieval, old items with the same plurality or different plurality were presented. For each item, participants made a confidence rating ranging from “very sure old”, which was correct for same plurality items, to “very sure new”, which was correct for different plurality items. Each plurality memory ROC was the proportion of same versus different plurality items classified as “old” (i.e., hits versus false alarms). Chi-squared analysis revealed that all of the plurality memory ROCs were adequately fit by the continuous unequal variance model, whereas none of the ROCs were adequately fit by the two-high threshold model. These plurality memory ROC results indicate recollection is a continuous process, which complements previous source memory and associative memory ROC findings.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的行为特征研究

使用修订行为特征问卷调查了１１２名Ⅱ型糖尿病患者和１４７名健康对照组。结果表明： １．男性患者比健康人更加抑郁;２．女性患者比健康人更加焦虑、抑郁和愤怒;３．不论是男性 还是女性,此问卷可显著地区分这两组,越抑郁的人,越不焦虑的人,越缺少合理化这种心理 防御机制的人,越可能是糖尿病患者。结合其它的研究结果,认为存在着Ⅱ型糖尿病易感性 行为特征,主要表现为：高抑郁;低焦虑;对应激的唤醒水平低;不善于使用心理防御机制来 保护和伪装自己;寻找一些有趣的事情：回避痛苦事件;不善于延迟的满足,要求马上得到满 足;注意易分散等。     

Introduction: Neuropsychological Assessment Après Luria

Neuropsychological assessment since Alexander R. Luria's death in 1977 has demonstrated increased sophistication and advancement, and a number of models or approaches to neuropsychological assessment are available worldwide today. This article reviews, in the context of this special issue, Luria's influence on the further development of neuropsychological assessment approaches and methods. Contemporary approaches are summarized and contrasted, and a discussion of neo-Lurian adaptations and extensions of his neuropsychological model is presented. Brief comments about the succeeding articles in this issue help to demonstrate the wide influence sustained by Luria's ideas in various regions of the world.     

小学生课堂参与结构及特点的研究

本研究运用课堂观察、访谈和问卷调查法,以267名小学一～六年级学生为被试,考察了小学生课堂参与的结构及特点。结果表明：1)学生的课堂参与主要包含了：主动参与、非参与、负向参与、自控下的被动参与和他控下的被动参与五种成分;2)总体而言,课堂上,学生的积极参与多于消极参与,被动参与多于主动参与;3)在小学阶段,学生的课堂参与没有明显的变化,特别是学生主动参与的水平并没有随年级的升高而增长。     

视觉障碍儿童人格特征的比较研究

以《缺陷儿童人格诊断量表》为工具对视觉障碍儿童进行人格评定,并将其测验分数与先前有关其他特殊儿童和正常儿童的同一量表测验结果加以比较。比较结果表明．视觉障碍儿童与正常儿童、智力落后儿童的人格特性有明显差异,而与听觉障碍儿童的人格差异相对要小一些。随年龄、障碍程度的不同．视觉障碍儿童的人格特性也有明显差异。     

我国6-10岁儿童的“上苍公正”判断特点

面对一个人的犯过行为与其遭到的继发灾祸,Ｐｉａｇｅｔ指出儿童具有作出“上苍公正”判断的特点,且是其道德发展的表现。Ｋａｒｎｉｏｌ的研究则发现不同的结果,得出了不同的结论。本研究以我国１０６名６－１０岁儿童为被试,所用的研究材料与Ｐｉａｇｅｔ和Ｋａｒｎｉｏｌ相比,在情境故事的结构、内容和因素控制上作了较周密的考虑。研究发现,我国６－１０岁儿童对这一问题存在着四种判断反应类型,这些判断反应不仅具有道德的性质,还与儿童的因果关系推理能力的发展有关。而且,我国儿童从前因果性解释到因果性解释发展的转折年龄约在８岁左右。此外,本研究对影响儿童判断反应的因素,如情境故事的结构和内容,以及可能隐含的内在公正问题进行了探讨。